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Synthesis of ethyl levulinate over sulfonated lignin-based carbon catalyst as a fuel additive to biodiesel-diesel blends towards engine emissions.

Biodiesel-diesel blend is a promising approach for petroleum diesel substitution but concurrently requires modifications to improve its properties. In this study, ethyl levulinate (EL) was synthesized via levulinic acid (LA) esterification over a sulfonated lignin-based carbon catalyst and employed...

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Main Authors: Hassan, Abdull Hafidz, Zainol, Muzakkir Mohammad, Samion, Muhammad Alif, Azlan, Muhammad A‘qil, Mohd., Asmadi, Mohamad Daud, Ahmad Rafizan, Saad, Idris, Mohd. Nor Azman, Nur Aina Najwa
Format: Article
Published: Elsevier Ltd. 2023
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TP Chemical technology
Online Access:http://eprints.utm.my/106394/
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.138101
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spelling my.utm.1063942024-06-29T07:16:12Z http://eprints.utm.my/106394/ Synthesis of ethyl levulinate over sulfonated lignin-based carbon catalyst as a fuel additive to biodiesel-diesel blends towards engine emissions. Hassan, Abdull Hafidz Zainol, Muzakkir Mohammad Samion, Muhammad Alif Azlan, Muhammad A‘qil Mohd., Asmadi Mohamad Daud, Ahmad Rafizan Saad, Idris Mohd. Nor Azman, Nur Aina Najwa TP Chemical technology Biodiesel-diesel blend is a promising approach for petroleum diesel substitution but concurrently requires modifications to improve its properties. In this study, ethyl levulinate (EL) was synthesized via levulinic acid (LA) esterification over a sulfonated lignin-based carbon catalyst and employed as an additive to improve biodiesel-diesel blends. The catalyst was prepared from lignin as a carbon precursor, modified via hydrothermal sulfonation at 180 °C for 6 h, and finally characterized. The effects of reaction parameters for LA esterification, such as ethanol-to-LA molar ratio (3–15), catalyst loading (3–20 wt%), and reaction time (2–6 h) were studied. Ethyl levulinate with 80 mol% and 100 mol% concentrations were examined as a fuel additive for palm oil biodiesel-diesel blends of B10, B15, and B20. The effect of the additive on the density and viscosity of biodiesel-diesel blends, as well as carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from engine combustion, was investigated. The results show that the catalyst has good acidity (1.30 mmol/g) and suggested thermal stability up to 200 °C, as well as unique surface morphology with a large surface area of 193 m2/g contributed by mesopores and micropores. A high initial yield of EL of 84.3 mol% was obtained over LHS-400-1 at optimum conditions of 6 ethanol-to-LA molar ratio, 15 wt% of catalyst, and 5 h at 80 °C. The reusability study up to five cycles showed a gradual reduction in the LA conversion which indicated catalyst instability. As for the biodiesel-diesel blends, the presence of EL at 3 to 7 vol% reduced the viscosity and slightly increased the density. Furthermore, CO and NOx emissions trends decreased with the addition of EL. The presence of LA in 80 mol% EL for biodiesel-diesel blends resulted in slightly high CO and NOx emissions as compared to the blends with 100 mol% EL. Elsevier Ltd. 2023-09-15 Article PeerReviewed Hassan, Abdull Hafidz and Zainol, Muzakkir Mohammad and Samion, Muhammad Alif and Azlan, Muhammad A‘qil and Mohd., Asmadi and Mohamad Daud, Ahmad Rafizan and Saad, Idris and Mohd. Nor Azman, Nur Aina Najwa (2023) Synthesis of ethyl levulinate over sulfonated lignin-based carbon catalyst as a fuel additive to biodiesel-diesel blends towards engine emissions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 418 (138101). NA-NA. ISSN 0959-6526 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.138101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.138101
institution Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
building UTM Library
collection Institutional Repository
continent Asia
country Malaysia
content_provider Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
content_source UTM Institutional Repository
url_provider http://eprints.utm.my/
topic TP Chemical technology
spellingShingle TP Chemical technology
Hassan, Abdull Hafidz
Zainol, Muzakkir Mohammad
Samion, Muhammad Alif
Azlan, Muhammad A‘qil
Mohd., Asmadi
Mohamad Daud, Ahmad Rafizan
Saad, Idris
Mohd. Nor Azman, Nur Aina Najwa
Synthesis of ethyl levulinate over sulfonated lignin-based carbon catalyst as a fuel additive to biodiesel-diesel blends towards engine emissions.
description Biodiesel-diesel blend is a promising approach for petroleum diesel substitution but concurrently requires modifications to improve its properties. In this study, ethyl levulinate (EL) was synthesized via levulinic acid (LA) esterification over a sulfonated lignin-based carbon catalyst and employed as an additive to improve biodiesel-diesel blends. The catalyst was prepared from lignin as a carbon precursor, modified via hydrothermal sulfonation at 180 °C for 6 h, and finally characterized. The effects of reaction parameters for LA esterification, such as ethanol-to-LA molar ratio (3–15), catalyst loading (3–20 wt%), and reaction time (2–6 h) were studied. Ethyl levulinate with 80 mol% and 100 mol% concentrations were examined as a fuel additive for palm oil biodiesel-diesel blends of B10, B15, and B20. The effect of the additive on the density and viscosity of biodiesel-diesel blends, as well as carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from engine combustion, was investigated. The results show that the catalyst has good acidity (1.30 mmol/g) and suggested thermal stability up to 200 °C, as well as unique surface morphology with a large surface area of 193 m2/g contributed by mesopores and micropores. A high initial yield of EL of 84.3 mol% was obtained over LHS-400-1 at optimum conditions of 6 ethanol-to-LA molar ratio, 15 wt% of catalyst, and 5 h at 80 °C. The reusability study up to five cycles showed a gradual reduction in the LA conversion which indicated catalyst instability. As for the biodiesel-diesel blends, the presence of EL at 3 to 7 vol% reduced the viscosity and slightly increased the density. Furthermore, CO and NOx emissions trends decreased with the addition of EL. The presence of LA in 80 mol% EL for biodiesel-diesel blends resulted in slightly high CO and NOx emissions as compared to the blends with 100 mol% EL.
format Article
author Hassan, Abdull Hafidz
Zainol, Muzakkir Mohammad
Samion, Muhammad Alif
Azlan, Muhammad A‘qil
Mohd., Asmadi
Mohamad Daud, Ahmad Rafizan
Saad, Idris
Mohd. Nor Azman, Nur Aina Najwa
author_facet Hassan, Abdull Hafidz
Zainol, Muzakkir Mohammad
Samion, Muhammad Alif
Azlan, Muhammad A‘qil
Mohd., Asmadi
Mohamad Daud, Ahmad Rafizan
Saad, Idris
Mohd. Nor Azman, Nur Aina Najwa
author_sort Hassan, Abdull Hafidz
title Synthesis of ethyl levulinate over sulfonated lignin-based carbon catalyst as a fuel additive to biodiesel-diesel blends towards engine emissions.
title_short Synthesis of ethyl levulinate over sulfonated lignin-based carbon catalyst as a fuel additive to biodiesel-diesel blends towards engine emissions.
title_full Synthesis of ethyl levulinate over sulfonated lignin-based carbon catalyst as a fuel additive to biodiesel-diesel blends towards engine emissions.
title_fullStr Synthesis of ethyl levulinate over sulfonated lignin-based carbon catalyst as a fuel additive to biodiesel-diesel blends towards engine emissions.
title_full_unstemmed Synthesis of ethyl levulinate over sulfonated lignin-based carbon catalyst as a fuel additive to biodiesel-diesel blends towards engine emissions.
title_sort synthesis of ethyl levulinate over sulfonated lignin-based carbon catalyst as a fuel additive to biodiesel-diesel blends towards engine emissions.
publisher Elsevier Ltd.
publishDate 2023
url http://eprints.utm.my/106394/
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.138101
_version_ 1803335001993904128
score 13.211869

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