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Production of sustainable two-stroke engine biolubricant ester base oil from palm fatty acid distillate

In this study, palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) was selected as the feedstock for biolubricant base oil production in two-stroke engine oils' formulation. PFAD is a low-cost palm refinery by-product with a high free fatty acid (FFA) content (85%). The esterification of PFAD with neopentyl glyc...

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Main Authors: Ng, Brandon Ywe Soong, Ong, Hwai Chyuan, Lau, Harrison Lik Nang, Ishak, Nor Shafizah, Elfasakhany, Ashraf, Lee, Hwei Voon
Format: Article
Published: Elsevier 2022
Subjects:
S Agriculture (General)
Online Access:http://eprints.um.edu.my/33698/
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spelling my.um.eprints.336982022-07-19T11:11:06Z http://eprints.um.edu.my/33698/ Production of sustainable two-stroke engine biolubricant ester base oil from palm fatty acid distillate Ng, Brandon Ywe Soong Ong, Hwai Chyuan Lau, Harrison Lik Nang Ishak, Nor Shafizah Elfasakhany, Ashraf Lee, Hwei Voon S Agriculture (General) In this study, palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) was selected as the feedstock for biolubricant base oil production in two-stroke engine oils' formulation. PFAD is a low-cost palm refinery by-product with a high free fatty acid (FFA) content (85%). The esterification of PFAD with neopentyl glycol (NPG) was conducted in the presence of a solid acid catalyst (SO42-/Fe2O3/Al2O3) to produce PFAD-NPG ester. Optimization profile indicated that PFAD conversion and PFAD-NPG ester yield were 84% and 82%, respectively, under optimum reaction conditions of 180 degrees C, 4 h, 2.0 wt% SO42-/Fe2O3/Al2O3 catalyst loading and a 2:1 PFAD to NPG molar ratio. The physicochemical properties of the base oil successfully comply with the Japanese Automotive Standards Organization (JASO) M345:2018 requirements for two-stroke oils in terms of sulfated ash content, kinematic viscosity at 100 degrees C and flash point. In addition, reusability of solid acid catalyst, SO42-/Fe2O3/Al2O3 was investigated, where PFAD conversion and PFAD-NPG ester yield were found to be excellent at 81% and 80%, respectively, which showed that the catalyst had good consistency after 5 cycles. Elsevier 2022-01 Article PeerReviewed Ng, Brandon Ywe Soong and Ong, Hwai Chyuan and Lau, Harrison Lik Nang and Ishak, Nor Shafizah and Elfasakhany, Ashraf and Lee, Hwei Voon (2022) Production of sustainable two-stroke engine biolubricant ester base oil from palm fatty acid distillate. Industrial Crops and Products, 175. ISSN 0926-6690, DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114224 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114224>. 10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114224
institution Universiti Malaya
building UM Library
collection Institutional Repository
continent Asia
country Malaysia
content_provider Universiti Malaya
content_source UM Research Repository
url_provider http://eprints.um.edu.my/
topic S Agriculture (General)
spellingShingle S Agriculture (General)
Ng, Brandon Ywe Soong
Ong, Hwai Chyuan
Lau, Harrison Lik Nang
Ishak, Nor Shafizah
Elfasakhany, Ashraf
Lee, Hwei Voon
Production of sustainable two-stroke engine biolubricant ester base oil from palm fatty acid distillate
description In this study, palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) was selected as the feedstock for biolubricant base oil production in two-stroke engine oils' formulation. PFAD is a low-cost palm refinery by-product with a high free fatty acid (FFA) content (85%). The esterification of PFAD with neopentyl glycol (NPG) was conducted in the presence of a solid acid catalyst (SO42-/Fe2O3/Al2O3) to produce PFAD-NPG ester. Optimization profile indicated that PFAD conversion and PFAD-NPG ester yield were 84% and 82%, respectively, under optimum reaction conditions of 180 degrees C, 4 h, 2.0 wt% SO42-/Fe2O3/Al2O3 catalyst loading and a 2:1 PFAD to NPG molar ratio. The physicochemical properties of the base oil successfully comply with the Japanese Automotive Standards Organization (JASO) M345:2018 requirements for two-stroke oils in terms of sulfated ash content, kinematic viscosity at 100 degrees C and flash point. In addition, reusability of solid acid catalyst, SO42-/Fe2O3/Al2O3 was investigated, where PFAD conversion and PFAD-NPG ester yield were found to be excellent at 81% and 80%, respectively, which showed that the catalyst had good consistency after 5 cycles.
format Article
author Ng, Brandon Ywe Soong
Ong, Hwai Chyuan
Lau, Harrison Lik Nang
Ishak, Nor Shafizah
Elfasakhany, Ashraf
Lee, Hwei Voon
author_facet Ng, Brandon Ywe Soong
Ong, Hwai Chyuan
Lau, Harrison Lik Nang
Ishak, Nor Shafizah
Elfasakhany, Ashraf
Lee, Hwei Voon
author_sort Ng, Brandon Ywe Soong
title Production of sustainable two-stroke engine biolubricant ester base oil from palm fatty acid distillate
title_short Production of sustainable two-stroke engine biolubricant ester base oil from palm fatty acid distillate
title_full Production of sustainable two-stroke engine biolubricant ester base oil from palm fatty acid distillate
title_fullStr Production of sustainable two-stroke engine biolubricant ester base oil from palm fatty acid distillate
title_full_unstemmed Production of sustainable two-stroke engine biolubricant ester base oil from palm fatty acid distillate
title_sort production of sustainable two-stroke engine biolubricant ester base oil from palm fatty acid distillate
publisher Elsevier
publishDate 2022
url http://eprints.um.edu.my/33698/
_version_ 1739828472024399872
score 13.211869

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