Using cocoa (Theobroma cacao) shell-based activated carbon to remove 4-nitrophenol from aqueous solution: Kinetics and equilibrium studies
The cocoa shell (CS) flake was ground, sieved and pressed into pellets. The pellets were carbonized at 800 degrees C and subjected to activation at 850 degrees C under a flow of CO(2) for several activation burn off. The cocoa shell-based activated carbon (CSAC) showed moderate surface area (248 m(2...
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| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
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Elsevier
2011
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://eprints.um.edu.my/14542/ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.10.044 |
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| Summary: | The cocoa shell (CS) flake was ground, sieved and pressed into pellets. The pellets were carbonized at 800 degrees C and subjected to activation at 850 degrees C under a flow of CO(2) for several activation burn off. The cocoa shell-based activated carbon (CSAC) showed moderate surface area (248 m(2) g(-1)), a low rnesoporosity ratio with a pore size in the range between 2 and 4 nm. CSAC also displays the presence of aliphatic, aromatic hydrocarbons, C=O and a near absence of C-O. CSAC was evaluated for its ability to adsorb 4-nitrophenol (4-NP). The adsorption time and initial dye concentration study on adsorption performance was carried out in a batch system. The results indicate that the Freundlich, Temkin and Langmuir isotherms fit well (R(2) > 0.9). The results from the kinetic study show that 4-NP adsorption follows pseudo-second-order and Boyd models. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. |
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