Utilization of waste cockle shell (Anadara Granosa) in biodiesel production from palm olein: Optimization using response surface methodology
The cockle shell, which is available in abundance, has no any eminent use and is commonly regarded as a waste, was utilized as a source of calcium oxide in catalyzing a transesterification reaction to produce biodiesel (methyl esters). A central composite design (CCD) was used to optimize the two ma...
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| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier Ltd.
2011
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://irep.iium.edu.my/5343/1/FUEL_complete_version.pdf http://irep.iium.edu.my/5343/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.03.002 |
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| Summary: | The cockle shell, which is available in abundance, has no any eminent use and is commonly regarded as a waste, was utilized as a source of calcium oxide in catalyzing a transesterification reaction to produce biodiesel (methyl esters). A central composite design (CCD) was used to optimize the two major influential reaction variables: catalyst and methanol amount towards purity and yield of methyl esters. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that the catalyst has a positive influence on purity but negative on the yield. Meanwhile, the methanol/oil mass ratio showed a positive effect on both purity and yield.
Using CCD, the optimum reaction conditions were found to be 4.9 wt.% of catalyst and 0.54:1 methanol/oil mass ratio. The prepared catalyst was capable of being reused under the suggested optimal conditions. |
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