UAV-based integration of RGB, thermal, and structural features with machine learning for multi-class basal stem rot (BSR) severity detection in oil palm

Basal Stem Rot (BSR) caused by Ganoderma boninense is the foremost threat to global oil palm productivity, yet its early and scalable detection remains profoundly challenging. This study presents an integrated UAV-based framework that combines RGB and thermal imagery with top-view structural palm fe...

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Bibliographic Details

Main Authors:	Husin, N. A., Baktiar, N. A.H.M., Tagang, V. U., Bejo, S. Khairunniza, Yusuf, M. F.M.
Format:	Article
Language:	en
Published:	Elsevier B.V. 2026
Subjects:	Food Science Agronomy and Crop Science
Online Access:	http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/123048/1/123048.pdf http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/123048/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266615432600030X
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