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Epsom Salt-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent as a Drilling Fluid Additive: A Game-Changer for Shale Swelling Inhibition

Shale rock swelling poses a significant challenge during drilling a well, leading to issues related to wellbore instability. Water-based mud with specific shale inhibitors is preferred over oil-based drilling mud due to its lower environmental impact. Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as po...

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Main Authors: Rasool, M.H., Ahmad, M.
Format: Article
Published: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) 2023
Online Access:http://scholars.utp.edu.my/id/eprint/37448/
https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85167785672&doi=10.3390%2fmolecules28155784&partnerID=40&md5=fcfbcbd5c2af398b680e12d02074f792
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spelling oai:scholars.utp.edu.my:374482023-10-04T13:11:08Z http://scholars.utp.edu.my/id/eprint/37448/ Epsom Salt-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent as a Drilling Fluid Additive: A Game-Changer for Shale Swelling Inhibition Rasool, M.H. Ahmad, M. Shale rock swelling poses a significant challenge during drilling a well, leading to issues related to wellbore instability. Water-based mud with specific shale inhibitors is preferred over oil-based drilling mud due to its lower environmental impact. Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as potential shale inhibitors due to their adjustable properties and strong electrostatic attraction. However, research has shown that the most commonly used class of ILs (imidazolium) in drilling mud are toxic, non-biodegradable, and expensive. Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs), the fourth generation of ionic liquids, have been proposed as a cheaper and non-toxic alternative to ILs. However, ammonium salt-based DESs are not truly environmentally friendly. This research explores the utilization of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) based on Epsom salt (a naturally occurring salt) and glycerine as a drilling fluid additive. The drilling mud is prepared according to API 13B-1 standards. Various concentrations of NADES-based mud are tested for yield point, plastic viscosity, and filtration properties for both aged and non-aged samples. The linear swell meter is used to determine the percentage swelling of the NADES-based mud, and the results are compared with the swelling caused by KCl- and EMIM-Cl-based mud. FTIR analysis is conducted to understand the interaction between NADES and clay, while surface tension, d-spacing (XRD), and zeta potential are measured to comprehend the mechanism of swelling inhibition by NADES. The findings reveal that NADES improves the yield point and plastic viscosity of the mud, resulting in a 26 reduction in mudcake thickness and a 30.1 decrease in filtrate volume at a concentration of 1. NADES achieves a significant 49.14 inhibition of swelling at the optimal concentration of 1, attributed to its ability to modify surface activity, zeta potential of clay surfaces, and d-spacing of clay layers. Consequently, NADES emerges as a non-toxic, cost-effective, and efficient shale inhibitor that can replace ILs and DESs. © 2023 by the authors. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) 2023 Article NonPeerReviewed Rasool, M.H. and Ahmad, M. (2023) Epsom Salt-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent as a Drilling Fluid Additive: A Game-Changer for Shale Swelling Inhibition. Molecules, 28 (15). ISSN 14203049 https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85167785672&doi=10.3390%2fmolecules28155784&partnerID=40&md5=fcfbcbd5c2af398b680e12d02074f792 10.3390/molecules28155784 10.3390/molecules28155784 10.3390/molecules28155784
institution Universiti Teknologi Petronas
building UTP Resource Centre
collection Institutional Repository
continent Asia
country Malaysia
content_provider Universiti Teknologi Petronas
content_source UTP Institutional Repository
url_provider http://eprints.utp.edu.my/
description Shale rock swelling poses a significant challenge during drilling a well, leading to issues related to wellbore instability. Water-based mud with specific shale inhibitors is preferred over oil-based drilling mud due to its lower environmental impact. Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as potential shale inhibitors due to their adjustable properties and strong electrostatic attraction. However, research has shown that the most commonly used class of ILs (imidazolium) in drilling mud are toxic, non-biodegradable, and expensive. Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs), the fourth generation of ionic liquids, have been proposed as a cheaper and non-toxic alternative to ILs. However, ammonium salt-based DESs are not truly environmentally friendly. This research explores the utilization of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) based on Epsom salt (a naturally occurring salt) and glycerine as a drilling fluid additive. The drilling mud is prepared according to API 13B-1 standards. Various concentrations of NADES-based mud are tested for yield point, plastic viscosity, and filtration properties for both aged and non-aged samples. The linear swell meter is used to determine the percentage swelling of the NADES-based mud, and the results are compared with the swelling caused by KCl- and EMIM-Cl-based mud. FTIR analysis is conducted to understand the interaction between NADES and clay, while surface tension, d-spacing (XRD), and zeta potential are measured to comprehend the mechanism of swelling inhibition by NADES. The findings reveal that NADES improves the yield point and plastic viscosity of the mud, resulting in a 26 reduction in mudcake thickness and a 30.1 decrease in filtrate volume at a concentration of 1. NADES achieves a significant 49.14 inhibition of swelling at the optimal concentration of 1, attributed to its ability to modify surface activity, zeta potential of clay surfaces, and d-spacing of clay layers. Consequently, NADES emerges as a non-toxic, cost-effective, and efficient shale inhibitor that can replace ILs and DESs. © 2023 by the authors.
format Article
author Rasool, M.H.
Ahmad, M.
spellingShingle Rasool, M.H.
Ahmad, M.
Epsom Salt-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent as a Drilling Fluid Additive: A Game-Changer for Shale Swelling Inhibition
author_facet Rasool, M.H.
Ahmad, M.
author_sort Rasool, M.H.
title Epsom Salt-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent as a Drilling Fluid Additive: A Game-Changer for Shale Swelling Inhibition
title_short Epsom Salt-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent as a Drilling Fluid Additive: A Game-Changer for Shale Swelling Inhibition
title_full Epsom Salt-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent as a Drilling Fluid Additive: A Game-Changer for Shale Swelling Inhibition
title_fullStr Epsom Salt-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent as a Drilling Fluid Additive: A Game-Changer for Shale Swelling Inhibition
title_full_unstemmed Epsom Salt-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent as a Drilling Fluid Additive: A Game-Changer for Shale Swelling Inhibition
title_sort epsom salt-based natural deep eutectic solvent as a drilling fluid additive: a game-changer for shale swelling inhibition
publisher Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
publishDate 2023
url http://scholars.utp.edu.my/id/eprint/37448/
https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85167785672&doi=10.3390%2fmolecules28155784&partnerID=40&md5=fcfbcbd5c2af398b680e12d02074f792
_version_ 1779441384513601536
score 13.222552

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