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Fourth generation biofuel: A review on risks and mitigation strategies

Fourth generation biofuel (FGB) uses genetically modified (GM) algae to enhance biofuel production. Although GM algae biofuel is a well-known alternative to fossil fuels, the potential environmental and health-related risks are still of great concern. An evaluation of these concerns and accordingly...

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Main Authors:	Abdullah, Bawadi, Syed Muhammad, Syed Anuar Faua'ad, Shokravi, Zahra, Ismail, Shahrul, Kassim, Khairul Anuar, Mahmood, Azmi Nik, Aziz, Md Maniruzzaman A
Format:	Article
Published:	Elsevier 2019
Online Access:	http://scholars.utp.edu.my/id/eprint/35665/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/renewable-and-sustainable-energy-reviews
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spelling	oai:scholars.utp.edu.my:356652023-10-06T16:54:09Z http://scholars.utp.edu.my/id/eprint/35665/ Fourth generation biofuel: A review on risks and mitigation strategies Abdullah, Bawadi Syed Muhammad, Syed Anuar Faua'ad Shokravi, Zahra Ismail, Shahrul Kassim, Khairul Anuar Mahmood, Azmi Nik Aziz, Md Maniruzzaman A Fourth generation biofuel (FGB) uses genetically modified (GM) algae to enhance biofuel production. Although GM algae biofuel is a well-known alternative to fossil fuels, the potential environmental and health-related risks are still of great concern. An evaluation of these concerns and accordingly devising appropriate mitigation strategies to deal with them are important to a successful commercialized production of FGB. While extensive research has been carried out on genetic modification and other technologies that aim to increase the productivity of algae strains, only a handful of them deal with the legislative limitations imposed on exploiting and processing GM algae. This paper examines this legislation and the mitigation strategies to meet potential risks associated with the exploitation and processing of FGB. Open-pond system is an economic solution for large-scale cultivation of microalgae; however, the concern regarding the health and environmental risk of cultivating GM algae and the associated stringent regulations is considered as the main barrier of FGB production. Disposal of the residue is another important issue that should be considered in FGB production. The byproducts obtained from energy extraction step and residual water from the harvesting process may contain plasmid or chromosomal DNA that may cause the risk of lateral gene transfer. Hence an appropriate mitigation practices should be used for replacement of the hazardous water residue and by-products with more environmentally friendly alternatives. The results obtained from several field testing projects for open-environment exploitation of GM algae show that under the various conditions used, there was no apparent proof to support possible horizontal gene transfer in release of GM algae. Elsevier 2019-06 Article PeerReviewed Abdullah, Bawadi and Syed Muhammad, Syed Anuar Faua'ad and Shokravi, Zahra and Ismail, Shahrul and Kassim, Khairul Anuar and Mahmood, Azmi Nik and Aziz, Md Maniruzzaman A (2019) Fourth generation biofuel: A review on risks and mitigation strategies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 107. pp. 37-50. ISSN 1364-0321 https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/renewable-and-sustainable-energy-reviews 10.1016/j.rser.2019.02.018 10.1016/j.rser.2019.02.018 10.1016/j.rser.2019.02.018
institution	Universiti Teknologi Petronas
building	UTP Resource Centre
collection	Institutional Repository
continent	Asia
country	Malaysia
content_provider	Universiti Teknologi Petronas
content_source	UTP Institutional Repository
url_provider	http://eprints.utp.edu.my/
description	Fourth generation biofuel (FGB) uses genetically modified (GM) algae to enhance biofuel production. Although GM algae biofuel is a well-known alternative to fossil fuels, the potential environmental and health-related risks are still of great concern. An evaluation of these concerns and accordingly devising appropriate mitigation strategies to deal with them are important to a successful commercialized production of FGB. While extensive research has been carried out on genetic modification and other technologies that aim to increase the productivity of algae strains, only a handful of them deal with the legislative limitations imposed on exploiting and processing GM algae. This paper examines this legislation and the mitigation strategies to meet potential risks associated with the exploitation and processing of FGB. Open-pond system is an economic solution for large-scale cultivation of microalgae; however, the concern regarding the health and environmental risk of cultivating GM algae and the associated stringent regulations is considered as the main barrier of FGB production. Disposal of the residue is another important issue that should be considered in FGB production. The byproducts obtained from energy extraction step and residual water from the harvesting process may contain plasmid or chromosomal DNA that may cause the risk of lateral gene transfer. Hence an appropriate mitigation practices should be used for replacement of the hazardous water residue and by-products with more environmentally friendly alternatives. The results obtained from several field testing projects for open-environment exploitation of GM algae show that under the various conditions used, there was no apparent proof to support possible horizontal gene transfer in release of GM algae.
format	Article
author	Abdullah, Bawadi Syed Muhammad, Syed Anuar Faua'ad Shokravi, Zahra Ismail, Shahrul Kassim, Khairul Anuar Mahmood, Azmi Nik Aziz, Md Maniruzzaman A
spellingShingle	Abdullah, Bawadi Syed Muhammad, Syed Anuar Faua'ad Shokravi, Zahra Ismail, Shahrul Kassim, Khairul Anuar Mahmood, Azmi Nik Aziz, Md Maniruzzaman A Fourth generation biofuel: A review on risks and mitigation strategies
author_facet	Abdullah, Bawadi Syed Muhammad, Syed Anuar Faua'ad Shokravi, Zahra Ismail, Shahrul Kassim, Khairul Anuar Mahmood, Azmi Nik Aziz, Md Maniruzzaman A
author_sort	Abdullah, Bawadi
title	Fourth generation biofuel: A review on risks and mitigation strategies
title_short	Fourth generation biofuel: A review on risks and mitigation strategies
title_full	Fourth generation biofuel: A review on risks and mitigation strategies
title_fullStr	Fourth generation biofuel: A review on risks and mitigation strategies
title_full_unstemmed	Fourth generation biofuel: A review on risks and mitigation strategies
title_sort	fourth generation biofuel: a review on risks and mitigation strategies
publisher	Elsevier
publishDate	2019
url	http://scholars.utp.edu.my/id/eprint/35665/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/renewable-and-sustainable-energy-reviews
_version_	1781707924946550784
score	13.223943

Fourth generation biofuel: A review on risks and mitigation strategies

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