Staff View: The effects of unbleached and bleached nanocellulose on the thermal and flammability of polypropylene-reinforced kenaf core hybrid polymer bionanocomposites

The effects of unbleached and bleached nanocellulose on the thermal and flammability of polypropylene-reinforced kenaf core hybrid polymer bionanocomposites

The thermal, thermo-mechanical and flammability properties of kenaf core hybrid polymer nanocomposites reinforced with unbleached and bleached nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) were studied. The studied chemical composition found that unbleached NCC (NCC-UB) had 90% more lignin content compared to ble...

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Main Authors:	Sabaruddin, Fatimah Athiyah, Paridah, M. T., Sapuan, S. M., Ilyas, R. A., Lee, Seng Hua, Abdan, Khalina, Mazlan, Norkhairunnisa, Muhammad Roseley, Adlin Sabrina, Abdul Khalil, H. P. S.
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	MDPI AG 2021
Subjects:	TP Chemical technology
Online Access:	http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/96054/1/RAIlyas2021_TheEffectsofUnbleachedandBleachedNanocelluloseontheThermal.pdf http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/96054/ http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13010116
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spelling	my.utm.960542022-07-03T04:55:00Z http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/96054/ The effects of unbleached and bleached nanocellulose on the thermal and flammability of polypropylene-reinforced kenaf core hybrid polymer bionanocomposites Sabaruddin, Fatimah Athiyah Paridah, M. T. Sapuan, S. M. Ilyas, R. A. Lee, Seng Hua Abdan, Khalina Mazlan, Norkhairunnisa Muhammad Roseley, Adlin Sabrina Abdul Khalil, H. P. S. TP Chemical technology The thermal, thermo-mechanical and flammability properties of kenaf core hybrid polymer nanocomposites reinforced with unbleached and bleached nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) were studied. The studied chemical composition found that unbleached NCC (NCC-UB) had 90% more lignin content compared to bleached NCC (NCC-B). Nanocelluloses were incorporated within polypropy-lene (PP) as the matrix, together with kenaf core as a main reinforcement and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) as a coupling agent via a melt mixing compounding process. The result showed that the thermal stability of the nanocomposites was generally affected by the presence of lignin in NCC-UB and sulfate group on the surface of NCC-B. The residual lignin in NCC-UB appeared to overcome the poor thermal stability of the composites that was caused by sulfation during the hydrolysis process. The lignin helped to promote the late degradation of the nanocom-posites, with the melting temperature occurring at a relatively higher temperature of 219.1? C for PP/NCC-UB, compared to 185.9? C for PP/NCC-B. Between the two types of nanocomposites, PP/NCC-B had notably lower thermo-mechanical properties, which can be attributed to the poor bonding and dispersion properties of the NCC-B in the nanocomposites blend. The PP/NCC-UB showed better thermal properties due to the effect of residual lignin, which acted as a compatibilizer between NCC-UB and polymer matrix, thus improved the bonding properties. The residual lignin in PP/NCC-UB helped to promote char formation and slowed down the burning process, thus increasing the flame resistance of the nanocomposites. Overall, the residual lignin on the surface of NCC-UB appeared to aid better stability on the thermal and flammability properties of the nanocomposites. MDPI AG 2021 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/96054/1/RAIlyas2021_TheEffectsofUnbleachedandBleachedNanocelluloseontheThermal.pdf Sabaruddin, Fatimah Athiyah and Paridah, M. T. and Sapuan, S. M. and Ilyas, R. A. and Lee, Seng Hua and Abdan, Khalina and Mazlan, Norkhairunnisa and Muhammad Roseley, Adlin Sabrina and Abdul Khalil, H. P. S. (2021) The effects of unbleached and bleached nanocellulose on the thermal and flammability of polypropylene-reinforced kenaf core hybrid polymer bionanocomposites. Polymers, 13 (1). pp. 1-19. ISSN 2073-4360 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13010116
institution	Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
building	UTM Library
collection	Institutional Repository
continent	Asia
country	Malaysia
content_provider	Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
content_source	UTM Institutional Repository
url_provider	http://eprints.utm.my/
language	English
topic	TP Chemical technology
spellingShingle	TP Chemical technology Sabaruddin, Fatimah Athiyah Paridah, M. T. Sapuan, S. M. Ilyas, R. A. Lee, Seng Hua Abdan, Khalina Mazlan, Norkhairunnisa Muhammad Roseley, Adlin Sabrina Abdul Khalil, H. P. S. The effects of unbleached and bleached nanocellulose on the thermal and flammability of polypropylene-reinforced kenaf core hybrid polymer bionanocomposites
description	The thermal, thermo-mechanical and flammability properties of kenaf core hybrid polymer nanocomposites reinforced with unbleached and bleached nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) were studied. The studied chemical composition found that unbleached NCC (NCC-UB) had 90% more lignin content compared to bleached NCC (NCC-B). Nanocelluloses were incorporated within polypropy-lene (PP) as the matrix, together with kenaf core as a main reinforcement and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) as a coupling agent via a melt mixing compounding process. The result showed that the thermal stability of the nanocomposites was generally affected by the presence of lignin in NCC-UB and sulfate group on the surface of NCC-B. The residual lignin in NCC-UB appeared to overcome the poor thermal stability of the composites that was caused by sulfation during the hydrolysis process. The lignin helped to promote the late degradation of the nanocom-posites, with the melting temperature occurring at a relatively higher temperature of 219.1? C for PP/NCC-UB, compared to 185.9? C for PP/NCC-B. Between the two types of nanocomposites, PP/NCC-B had notably lower thermo-mechanical properties, which can be attributed to the poor bonding and dispersion properties of the NCC-B in the nanocomposites blend. The PP/NCC-UB showed better thermal properties due to the effect of residual lignin, which acted as a compatibilizer between NCC-UB and polymer matrix, thus improved the bonding properties. The residual lignin in PP/NCC-UB helped to promote char formation and slowed down the burning process, thus increasing the flame resistance of the nanocomposites. Overall, the residual lignin on the surface of NCC-UB appeared to aid better stability on the thermal and flammability properties of the nanocomposites.
format	Article
author	Sabaruddin, Fatimah Athiyah Paridah, M. T. Sapuan, S. M. Ilyas, R. A. Lee, Seng Hua Abdan, Khalina Mazlan, Norkhairunnisa Muhammad Roseley, Adlin Sabrina Abdul Khalil, H. P. S.
author_facet	Sabaruddin, Fatimah Athiyah Paridah, M. T. Sapuan, S. M. Ilyas, R. A. Lee, Seng Hua Abdan, Khalina Mazlan, Norkhairunnisa Muhammad Roseley, Adlin Sabrina Abdul Khalil, H. P. S.
author_sort	Sabaruddin, Fatimah Athiyah
title	The effects of unbleached and bleached nanocellulose on the thermal and flammability of polypropylene-reinforced kenaf core hybrid polymer bionanocomposites
title_short	The effects of unbleached and bleached nanocellulose on the thermal and flammability of polypropylene-reinforced kenaf core hybrid polymer bionanocomposites
title_full	The effects of unbleached and bleached nanocellulose on the thermal and flammability of polypropylene-reinforced kenaf core hybrid polymer bionanocomposites
title_fullStr	The effects of unbleached and bleached nanocellulose on the thermal and flammability of polypropylene-reinforced kenaf core hybrid polymer bionanocomposites
title_full_unstemmed	The effects of unbleached and bleached nanocellulose on the thermal and flammability of polypropylene-reinforced kenaf core hybrid polymer bionanocomposites
title_sort	effects of unbleached and bleached nanocellulose on the thermal and flammability of polypropylene-reinforced kenaf core hybrid polymer bionanocomposites
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/96054/1/RAIlyas2021_TheEffectsofUnbleachedandBleachedNanocelluloseontheThermal.pdf http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/96054/ http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13010116
_version_	1738510317470613504
score	13.211869

The effects of unbleached and bleached nanocellulose on the thermal and flammability of polypropylene-reinforced kenaf core hybrid polymer bionanocomposites

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