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A degradable inverse vulcanized copolymer as a coating material for urea produced under optimized conditions

Global enhancement of crop yield is achieved using chemical fertilizers; however, agroeconomy is affected due to poor nutrient uptake efficacy (NUE), which also causes environmental pollution. Encapsulating urea granules with hydrophobic material can be one solution. Additionally, the inverse vulcan...

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Main Authors:	Ghumman, Ali Shaan Manzoor, Shamsuddin, Rashid, Nasef, Mohamed Mahmoud, Krivoborodov, Efrem G., Ahmad, Sohaira, Zanin, Alexey A., Mezhuev, Yaroslav O., Abbasi, Amin
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	MDPI 2021
Subjects:	Q Science (General) TP Chemical technology
Online Access:	http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/95010/1/MohamedMahmoud2021_ADegradableInverseVulcanizedCopolymer.pdf http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/95010/ http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13224040
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spelling	my.utm.950102022-04-29T22:32:49Z http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/95010/ A degradable inverse vulcanized copolymer as a coating material for urea produced under optimized conditions Ghumman, Ali Shaan Manzoor Shamsuddin, Rashid Nasef, Mohamed Mahmoud Krivoborodov, Efrem G. Ahmad, Sohaira Zanin, Alexey A. Mezhuev, Yaroslav O. Abbasi, Amin Q Science (General) TP Chemical technology Global enhancement of crop yield is achieved using chemical fertilizers; however, agroeconomy is affected due to poor nutrient uptake efficacy (NUE), which also causes environmental pollution. Encapsulating urea granules with hydrophobic material can be one solution. Additionally, the inverse vulcanized copolymer obtained from vegetable oils are a new class of green sulfurenriched polymer with good biodegradation and better sulfur oxidation potential, but they possess unreacted sulfur, which leads to void generations. In this study, inverse vulcanization reaction conditions to minimize the amount of unreacted sulfur through response surface methodology (RSM) is optimized. The copolymer obtained was then characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). FTIR confirmed the formation of the copolymer, TGA demonstrated that copolymer is thermally stable up to 200◦C temperature, and DSC revealed the sulfur conversion of 82.2% (predicted conversion of 82.37%), which shows the goodness of the model developed to predict the sulfur conversion. To further maximize the sulfur conversion, 5 wt% diisopropenyl benzene (DIB) as a crosslinker is added during synthesis to produce terpolymer. The urea granule is then coated using terpolymer, and the nutrient release longevity of the coated urea is tested in distilled water, which revealed that only 65% of its total nutrient is released after 40 days of incubation. The soil burial of the terpolymer demonstrated its biodegradability, as 26% weight loss happens in 52 days of incubation. Thus, inverse vulcanized terpolymer as a coating material for urea demonstrated far better nutrient release longevity compared with other biopolymers with improved biodegradation; moreover, these copolymers also have potential to improve sulfur oxidation. MDPI 2021-11-02 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/95010/1/MohamedMahmoud2021_ADegradableInverseVulcanizedCopolymer.pdf Ghumman, Ali Shaan Manzoor and Shamsuddin, Rashid and Nasef, Mohamed Mahmoud and Krivoborodov, Efrem G. and Ahmad, Sohaira and Zanin, Alexey A. and Mezhuev, Yaroslav O. and Abbasi, Amin (2021) A degradable inverse vulcanized copolymer as a coating material for urea produced under optimized conditions. Polymers, 13 (22). pp. 1-16. ISSN 2073-4360 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13224040 DOI:10.3390/polym13224040
institution	Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
building	UTM Library
collection	Institutional Repository
continent	Asia
country	Malaysia
content_provider	Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
content_source	UTM Institutional Repository
url_provider	http://eprints.utm.my/
language	English
topic	Q Science (General) TP Chemical technology
spellingShingle	Q Science (General) TP Chemical technology Ghumman, Ali Shaan Manzoor Shamsuddin, Rashid Nasef, Mohamed Mahmoud Krivoborodov, Efrem G. Ahmad, Sohaira Zanin, Alexey A. Mezhuev, Yaroslav O. Abbasi, Amin A degradable inverse vulcanized copolymer as a coating material for urea produced under optimized conditions
description	Global enhancement of crop yield is achieved using chemical fertilizers; however, agroeconomy is affected due to poor nutrient uptake efficacy (NUE), which also causes environmental pollution. Encapsulating urea granules with hydrophobic material can be one solution. Additionally, the inverse vulcanized copolymer obtained from vegetable oils are a new class of green sulfurenriched polymer with good biodegradation and better sulfur oxidation potential, but they possess unreacted sulfur, which leads to void generations. In this study, inverse vulcanization reaction conditions to minimize the amount of unreacted sulfur through response surface methodology (RSM) is optimized. The copolymer obtained was then characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). FTIR confirmed the formation of the copolymer, TGA demonstrated that copolymer is thermally stable up to 200◦C temperature, and DSC revealed the sulfur conversion of 82.2% (predicted conversion of 82.37%), which shows the goodness of the model developed to predict the sulfur conversion. To further maximize the sulfur conversion, 5 wt% diisopropenyl benzene (DIB) as a crosslinker is added during synthesis to produce terpolymer. The urea granule is then coated using terpolymer, and the nutrient release longevity of the coated urea is tested in distilled water, which revealed that only 65% of its total nutrient is released after 40 days of incubation. The soil burial of the terpolymer demonstrated its biodegradability, as 26% weight loss happens in 52 days of incubation. Thus, inverse vulcanized terpolymer as a coating material for urea demonstrated far better nutrient release longevity compared with other biopolymers with improved biodegradation; moreover, these copolymers also have potential to improve sulfur oxidation.
format	Article
author	Ghumman, Ali Shaan Manzoor Shamsuddin, Rashid Nasef, Mohamed Mahmoud Krivoborodov, Efrem G. Ahmad, Sohaira Zanin, Alexey A. Mezhuev, Yaroslav O. Abbasi, Amin
author_facet	Ghumman, Ali Shaan Manzoor Shamsuddin, Rashid Nasef, Mohamed Mahmoud Krivoborodov, Efrem G. Ahmad, Sohaira Zanin, Alexey A. Mezhuev, Yaroslav O. Abbasi, Amin
author_sort	Ghumman, Ali Shaan Manzoor
title	A degradable inverse vulcanized copolymer as a coating material for urea produced under optimized conditions
title_short	A degradable inverse vulcanized copolymer as a coating material for urea produced under optimized conditions
title_full	A degradable inverse vulcanized copolymer as a coating material for urea produced under optimized conditions
title_fullStr	A degradable inverse vulcanized copolymer as a coating material for urea produced under optimized conditions
title_full_unstemmed	A degradable inverse vulcanized copolymer as a coating material for urea produced under optimized conditions
title_sort	degradable inverse vulcanized copolymer as a coating material for urea produced under optimized conditions
publisher	MDPI
publishDate	2021
url	http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/95010/1/MohamedMahmoud2021_ADegradableInverseVulcanizedCopolymer.pdf http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/95010/ http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13224040
_version_	1732945421107462144
score	13.211869

A degradable inverse vulcanized copolymer as a coating material for urea produced under optimized conditions

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