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Rich biomass combustion: Gaseous and particle number emissions

The cone calorimeter is a standard test method for material behaviour in fires. The principle of the cone calorimeter is to use an electric radiant heater to raise the temperature of the combustion zone and ignite the fuel. 35 kW/m2 was used in the present work, as this has been previously shown to...

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Main Authors:	Mustafa, Bintu G., Mat Kiah, Miss H., Irshad, Aysha, Andrews, Gordon E., Phylaktou, Herodotos N., Li, Hu, Gibbs, Bernard M.
Format:	Article
Published:	Elsevier Ltd 2019
Subjects:	TP Chemical technology
Online Access:	http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/88416/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.03.027
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spelling	my.utm.884162020-12-15T00:06:08Z http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/88416/ Rich biomass combustion: Gaseous and particle number emissions Mustafa, Bintu G. Mat Kiah, Miss H. Irshad, Aysha Andrews, Gordon E. Phylaktou, Herodotos N. Li, Hu Gibbs, Bernard M. TP Chemical technology The cone calorimeter is a standard test method for material behaviour in fires. The principle of the cone calorimeter is to use an electric radiant heater to raise the temperature of the combustion zone and ignite the fuel. 35 kW/m2 was used in the present work, as this has been previously shown to be sufficient to establish fully developed combustion of biomass materials such as wood. As one of the main fire loads is wood and wood is the dominant biomass for energy generation, it is reasonable to use the cone calorimeter to characterize the combustion of biomass on a small scale and pine was used in the present work. The cone calorimeter was used in the controlled atmosphere mode with an enclosure around the test biomass that enabled the air flow for biomass combustion to be controlled at 19.2 g/m2s, which corresponds to a combustion heat release rate HRR of 57 kW/m2, assuming all the oxygen in the air is consumed. This air flow will be shown to generate rich combustion at a metered equivalence ratio, Ø of about 2, which is comparable with the first gasification stage of biomass two stage burning in log burners and pellet burners, where air is added downstream of the gasification stage of biomass combustion. Soot emissions are generated in this rich gasification stage burning and potentially oxidized in the oxidation second stage burning. The rich burning gasification zone particulate emissions were analysed for number size distribution using the Cambustion DMS 500 particle size analyser. The exit from the controlled combustion zone was extended in a 75 mm diameter chimney where a mean gas sample was taken. A heated Gasmet FTIR was used for gas composition analysis, using a heated sample line, filter and pump from the sample point to the analyser. The particles emitted were sampled after the second stage combustion from entrained air into the chimney discharge gases into a dilution tunnel with a fixed gas flow rate of 24 l/s, which gave a dilution ratio of the primary combustion gases of 150/1 which is required for nano-particle size analysis. A Cambustion DMS500 electrical mobility particle number and size instrument was used with size resolution from 5 to 1000 nm. The present results show that in the rich burning first stage chimney sample there were very high levels of 20 nm nanoparticles, 1 × 1010/cc, and an accumulation mode peak at 200 nm. The presence of the 20 nm particles makes the particulate emissions extremely toxic. Elsevier Ltd 2019-07 Article PeerReviewed Mustafa, Bintu G. and Mat Kiah, Miss H. and Irshad, Aysha and Andrews, Gordon E. and Phylaktou, Herodotos N. and Li, Hu and Gibbs, Bernard M. (2019) Rich biomass combustion: Gaseous and particle number emissions. Fuel, 24 . pp. 221-231. ISSN 0016-2361 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.03.027
institution	Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
building	UTM Library
collection	Institutional Repository
continent	Asia
country	Malaysia
content_provider	Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
content_source	UTM Institutional Repository
url_provider	http://eprints.utm.my/
topic	TP Chemical technology
spellingShingle	TP Chemical technology Mustafa, Bintu G. Mat Kiah, Miss H. Irshad, Aysha Andrews, Gordon E. Phylaktou, Herodotos N. Li, Hu Gibbs, Bernard M. Rich biomass combustion: Gaseous and particle number emissions
description	The cone calorimeter is a standard test method for material behaviour in fires. The principle of the cone calorimeter is to use an electric radiant heater to raise the temperature of the combustion zone and ignite the fuel. 35 kW/m2 was used in the present work, as this has been previously shown to be sufficient to establish fully developed combustion of biomass materials such as wood. As one of the main fire loads is wood and wood is the dominant biomass for energy generation, it is reasonable to use the cone calorimeter to characterize the combustion of biomass on a small scale and pine was used in the present work. The cone calorimeter was used in the controlled atmosphere mode with an enclosure around the test biomass that enabled the air flow for biomass combustion to be controlled at 19.2 g/m2s, which corresponds to a combustion heat release rate HRR of 57 kW/m2, assuming all the oxygen in the air is consumed. This air flow will be shown to generate rich combustion at a metered equivalence ratio, Ø of about 2, which is comparable with the first gasification stage of biomass two stage burning in log burners and pellet burners, where air is added downstream of the gasification stage of biomass combustion. Soot emissions are generated in this rich gasification stage burning and potentially oxidized in the oxidation second stage burning. The rich burning gasification zone particulate emissions were analysed for number size distribution using the Cambustion DMS 500 particle size analyser. The exit from the controlled combustion zone was extended in a 75 mm diameter chimney where a mean gas sample was taken. A heated Gasmet FTIR was used for gas composition analysis, using a heated sample line, filter and pump from the sample point to the analyser. The particles emitted were sampled after the second stage combustion from entrained air into the chimney discharge gases into a dilution tunnel with a fixed gas flow rate of 24 l/s, which gave a dilution ratio of the primary combustion gases of 150/1 which is required for nano-particle size analysis. A Cambustion DMS500 electrical mobility particle number and size instrument was used with size resolution from 5 to 1000 nm. The present results show that in the rich burning first stage chimney sample there were very high levels of 20 nm nanoparticles, 1 × 1010/cc, and an accumulation mode peak at 200 nm. The presence of the 20 nm particles makes the particulate emissions extremely toxic.
format	Article
author	Mustafa, Bintu G. Mat Kiah, Miss H. Irshad, Aysha Andrews, Gordon E. Phylaktou, Herodotos N. Li, Hu Gibbs, Bernard M.
author_facet	Mustafa, Bintu G. Mat Kiah, Miss H. Irshad, Aysha Andrews, Gordon E. Phylaktou, Herodotos N. Li, Hu Gibbs, Bernard M.
author_sort	Mustafa, Bintu G.
title	Rich biomass combustion: Gaseous and particle number emissions
title_short	Rich biomass combustion: Gaseous and particle number emissions
title_full	Rich biomass combustion: Gaseous and particle number emissions
title_fullStr	Rich biomass combustion: Gaseous and particle number emissions
title_full_unstemmed	Rich biomass combustion: Gaseous and particle number emissions
title_sort	rich biomass combustion: gaseous and particle number emissions
publisher	Elsevier Ltd
publishDate	2019
url	http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/88416/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.03.027
_version_	1687393568754237440
score	13.211869

Rich biomass combustion: Gaseous and particle number emissions

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