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Production and characterisation of cocoa butter equivalent from formulated hard palm oil midfraction and canola oil blends

There has been increased interest in cocoa butter equivalent (CBE) due to high price, uncertainty in supply and variability in quality of authentic cocoa butter (CB). This study investigated the blending of hard palm oil midfraction (PMF) with canola oil to produce CBEs which contain omega-3 and ome...

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Main Author: Mutia, Reiza
Format: Thesis
Language:English
Published: 2015
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TP Chemical technology
Online Access:http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/53877/1/ReizaMutiaMFKChE2015.pdf
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spelling my.utm.538772020-10-07T08:11:08Z http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/53877/ Production and characterisation of cocoa butter equivalent from formulated hard palm oil midfraction and canola oil blends Mutia, Reiza TP Chemical technology There has been increased interest in cocoa butter equivalent (CBE) due to high price, uncertainty in supply and variability in quality of authentic cocoa butter (CB). This study investigated the blending of hard palm oil midfraction (PMF) with canola oil to produce CBEs which contain omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids using immobilized lipase from Rhizomucor miehei. The experiments were designed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to optimize the percentage of triacylgycerols (TAGs) including palmitic-oleic-palmitic (POP), palmitic-oleic-stearic (POS), stearic-oleic-stearic (SOS) and diacylglycerol (DAG). The experiment was performed at hard PMF concentration of 50 to 90%, lipozyme load between 5% and 10% with reaction time of 2 to 14 hours. The best reaction conditions to attain these targets were 58.85% of hard PMF concentration, 2 hours of reaction time and 7.29% of lipozyme load (based on the weight of substrate). Under these conditions, the produced CBE contained 28.65±2.00% of POP, 19.52±0.96% of POS, 3.57±0.11% of SOS and 4.81±0.47% of DAG. The addition of canola oil improved the nutritional value of CBEs which was marked by the higher percentage of linoleic acid (omega- 6, 7.98±0.92%) and linolenic acid (omega-3, 2.47±0.47%) in CBE than commercially available CBE (omega-6, 2.63±1.01%) and CB (omega-6, 2.68±0.34%). Enzymatic interesterification has not altered fatty acid content in the CBE, especially linoleic acid (omega-6) and linolenic acid (omega-3) which was characterised by no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the fatty acid profile of initial mixture and CBE. Slip melting point (SMP) value of CBE (46.25 °C) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the SMP value of CB (32-35 °C). In addition, the solid fat content (SFC) value of CBE was different from CB. It was due to the high amount of POP, free fatty acid (FFA) or saturated-saturated-saturated (StStSt) type of TAGs in CBE produced and also lower amount of TAGs which has oleic acid at sn-2 position. Moreover, the produced CBE behaved as pseudoplastic flow. Although there were differences of characteristics between the produced CBE with the authentic CB, it was possible to produce a high nutritional value of CBE with a physicochemical composition that was very close to that of CB by using enzymatic interesterification. 2015-06 Thesis NonPeerReviewed application/pdf en http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/53877/1/ReizaMutiaMFKChE2015.pdf Mutia, Reiza (2015) Production and characterisation of cocoa butter equivalent from formulated hard palm oil midfraction and canola oil blends. Masters thesis, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Faculty of Chemical Engineering. http://dms.library.utm.my:8080/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:86548
institution Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
building UTM Library
collection Institutional Repository
continent Asia
country Malaysia
content_provider Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
content_source UTM Institutional Repository
url_provider http://eprints.utm.my/
language English
topic TP Chemical technology
spellingShingle TP Chemical technology
Mutia, Reiza
Production and characterisation of cocoa butter equivalent from formulated hard palm oil midfraction and canola oil blends
description There has been increased interest in cocoa butter equivalent (CBE) due to high price, uncertainty in supply and variability in quality of authentic cocoa butter (CB). This study investigated the blending of hard palm oil midfraction (PMF) with canola oil to produce CBEs which contain omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids using immobilized lipase from Rhizomucor miehei. The experiments were designed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to optimize the percentage of triacylgycerols (TAGs) including palmitic-oleic-palmitic (POP), palmitic-oleic-stearic (POS), stearic-oleic-stearic (SOS) and diacylglycerol (DAG). The experiment was performed at hard PMF concentration of 50 to 90%, lipozyme load between 5% and 10% with reaction time of 2 to 14 hours. The best reaction conditions to attain these targets were 58.85% of hard PMF concentration, 2 hours of reaction time and 7.29% of lipozyme load (based on the weight of substrate). Under these conditions, the produced CBE contained 28.65±2.00% of POP, 19.52±0.96% of POS, 3.57±0.11% of SOS and 4.81±0.47% of DAG. The addition of canola oil improved the nutritional value of CBEs which was marked by the higher percentage of linoleic acid (omega- 6, 7.98±0.92%) and linolenic acid (omega-3, 2.47±0.47%) in CBE than commercially available CBE (omega-6, 2.63±1.01%) and CB (omega-6, 2.68±0.34%). Enzymatic interesterification has not altered fatty acid content in the CBE, especially linoleic acid (omega-6) and linolenic acid (omega-3) which was characterised by no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the fatty acid profile of initial mixture and CBE. Slip melting point (SMP) value of CBE (46.25 °C) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the SMP value of CB (32-35 °C). In addition, the solid fat content (SFC) value of CBE was different from CB. It was due to the high amount of POP, free fatty acid (FFA) or saturated-saturated-saturated (StStSt) type of TAGs in CBE produced and also lower amount of TAGs which has oleic acid at sn-2 position. Moreover, the produced CBE behaved as pseudoplastic flow. Although there were differences of characteristics between the produced CBE with the authentic CB, it was possible to produce a high nutritional value of CBE with a physicochemical composition that was very close to that of CB by using enzymatic interesterification.
format Thesis
author Mutia, Reiza
author_facet Mutia, Reiza
author_sort Mutia, Reiza
title Production and characterisation of cocoa butter equivalent from formulated hard palm oil midfraction and canola oil blends
title_short Production and characterisation of cocoa butter equivalent from formulated hard palm oil midfraction and canola oil blends
title_full Production and characterisation of cocoa butter equivalent from formulated hard palm oil midfraction and canola oil blends
title_fullStr Production and characterisation of cocoa butter equivalent from formulated hard palm oil midfraction and canola oil blends
title_full_unstemmed Production and characterisation of cocoa butter equivalent from formulated hard palm oil midfraction and canola oil blends
title_sort production and characterisation of cocoa butter equivalent from formulated hard palm oil midfraction and canola oil blends
publishDate 2015
url http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/53877/1/ReizaMutiaMFKChE2015.pdf
http://eprints.utm.my/id/eprint/53877/
http://dms.library.utm.my:8080/vital/access/manager/Repository/vital:86548
_version_ 1681489444323983360
score 13.211869

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