Staff View: Rainwater to potable water: Mini review

Rainwater to potable water: Mini review

Rainwater can serve as a safe and sustainable source of drinking water. From its formation and collection, rainwater can be contaminated by the surrounding atmosphere, dissolving various gases like carbon dioxide, sulphur oxides and nitrogen oxides to form various inorganic acids. These acids furthe...

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Main Authors:	Yang, How Chee, Jusoh, Mazura, Zakaria, Zaki Yamani, Rosli, Aishah
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	Italian Association of Chemical Engineering - AIDIC 2023
Subjects:	TP Chemical technology
Online Access:	http://eprints.utm.my/106003/1/MazuraJusoh2023_RainwatertoPotableWaterMiniReview.pdf http://eprints.utm.my/106003/ http://dx.doi.org/10.3303/CET23106130
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id	my.utm.106003
record_format	eprints
spelling	my.utm.1060032024-05-31T02:58:40Z http://eprints.utm.my/106003/ Rainwater to potable water: Mini review Yang, How Chee Jusoh, Mazura Zakaria, Zaki Yamani Rosli, Aishah TP Chemical technology Rainwater can serve as a safe and sustainable source of drinking water. From its formation and collection, rainwater can be contaminated by the surrounding atmosphere, dissolving various gases like carbon dioxide, sulphur oxides and nitrogen oxides to form various inorganic acids. These acids further promote contamination by dissolving metals and metal oxides that the rainwater encounters. On the other hand, depending on the cleanliness of the rainwater harvesting system, rainwater may be exposed to biological contaminants like pathogenic organisms from plant and animal origins and dust from dry deposition of particulate matter from the atmosphere. While all these contaminations can be dealt with relatively easily with modern water treatment technologies like media filtration, membrane technology and chlorination, rainwater is not as widely used as a source of drinking water as it should be, primarily due to a lack of incentives from the policy makers and availability of more accessible and abundant water sources like municipal water and groundwater. Above all, rainwater is not a reliable source of water as it is intermittent and can be unpredictable even with state-of-the-art weather forecasting. Thus, using rainwater as potable water source might only be suitable during rainy season and floods. The objective of this paper is to briefly review the technologies in purifying rainwater to potable water, and subsequently recommend an alternative technology called progressive freeze concentration (PFC) for the water purification purpose. Preliminary results with the new setup show that PFC can reduce the total dissolved solids (TDS) in rainwater by 83 - 96 % to produce ice that has less than 10 ppm TDS, with 75 – 90 % recovery. By comparing with reverse osmosis (RO), PFC has considerably lower capital and operating cost. Therefore, more research will be conducted to establish the feasibility of using PFC to purify rainwater and encourage the use of rainwater as a source of potable drinking water. Italian Association of Chemical Engineering - AIDIC 2023 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en http://eprints.utm.my/106003/1/MazuraJusoh2023_RainwatertoPotableWaterMiniReview.pdf Yang, How Chee and Jusoh, Mazura and Zakaria, Zaki Yamani and Rosli, Aishah (2023) Rainwater to potable water: Mini review. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 106 (NA). pp. 775-780. ISSN 2283-9216 http://dx.doi.org/10.3303/CET23106130 DOI : 10.3303/CET23106130
institution	Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
building	UTM Library
collection	Institutional Repository
continent	Asia
country	Malaysia
content_provider	Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
content_source	UTM Institutional Repository
url_provider	http://eprints.utm.my/
language	English
topic	TP Chemical technology
spellingShingle	TP Chemical technology Yang, How Chee Jusoh, Mazura Zakaria, Zaki Yamani Rosli, Aishah Rainwater to potable water: Mini review
description	Rainwater can serve as a safe and sustainable source of drinking water. From its formation and collection, rainwater can be contaminated by the surrounding atmosphere, dissolving various gases like carbon dioxide, sulphur oxides and nitrogen oxides to form various inorganic acids. These acids further promote contamination by dissolving metals and metal oxides that the rainwater encounters. On the other hand, depending on the cleanliness of the rainwater harvesting system, rainwater may be exposed to biological contaminants like pathogenic organisms from plant and animal origins and dust from dry deposition of particulate matter from the atmosphere. While all these contaminations can be dealt with relatively easily with modern water treatment technologies like media filtration, membrane technology and chlorination, rainwater is not as widely used as a source of drinking water as it should be, primarily due to a lack of incentives from the policy makers and availability of more accessible and abundant water sources like municipal water and groundwater. Above all, rainwater is not a reliable source of water as it is intermittent and can be unpredictable even with state-of-the-art weather forecasting. Thus, using rainwater as potable water source might only be suitable during rainy season and floods. The objective of this paper is to briefly review the technologies in purifying rainwater to potable water, and subsequently recommend an alternative technology called progressive freeze concentration (PFC) for the water purification purpose. Preliminary results with the new setup show that PFC can reduce the total dissolved solids (TDS) in rainwater by 83 - 96 % to produce ice that has less than 10 ppm TDS, with 75 – 90 % recovery. By comparing with reverse osmosis (RO), PFC has considerably lower capital and operating cost. Therefore, more research will be conducted to establish the feasibility of using PFC to purify rainwater and encourage the use of rainwater as a source of potable drinking water.
format	Article
author	Yang, How Chee Jusoh, Mazura Zakaria, Zaki Yamani Rosli, Aishah
author_facet	Yang, How Chee Jusoh, Mazura Zakaria, Zaki Yamani Rosli, Aishah
author_sort	Yang, How Chee
title	Rainwater to potable water: Mini review
title_short	Rainwater to potable water: Mini review
title_full	Rainwater to potable water: Mini review
title_fullStr	Rainwater to potable water: Mini review
title_full_unstemmed	Rainwater to potable water: Mini review
title_sort	rainwater to potable water: mini review
publisher	Italian Association of Chemical Engineering - AIDIC
publishDate	2023
url	http://eprints.utm.my/106003/1/MazuraJusoh2023_RainwatertoPotableWaterMiniReview.pdf http://eprints.utm.my/106003/ http://dx.doi.org/10.3303/CET23106130
_version_	1800714796673269760
score	13.211869

Rainwater to potable water: Mini review

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