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Optimized single-step synthesis of graphene-based carbon nanosheets from palm oil fuel ash

Recycling palm oil fuel ash (POFA) into lucrative holey graphene nanosheets will not only save resources but will also prove to be a great solution to avoid the hazards of environmental pollution. The present research aims on studying the effects of temperature and ratio of potassium hydroxide (KOH)...

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Main Authors:	Muhammad Ayub, Muhammad Ayub, Othman, Mohd. Hafiz Dzarfan, Mohd. Yusop, Mohd. Zamri, Khan, Imran Ullah, Tai, Zhong Sheng, Hubadillah, Siti Khadijah
Format:	Article
Published:	Elsevier B.V. 2023
Subjects:	Q Science (General)
Online Access:	http://eprints.utm.my/105546/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.127202
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spelling	my.utm.1055462024-05-02T02:58:29Z http://eprints.utm.my/105546/ Optimized single-step synthesis of graphene-based carbon nanosheets from palm oil fuel ash Muhammad Ayub, Muhammad Ayub Othman, Mohd. Hafiz Dzarfan Mohd. Yusop, Mohd. Zamri Khan, Imran Ullah Tai, Zhong Sheng Hubadillah, Siti Khadijah Q Science (General) Recycling palm oil fuel ash (POFA) into lucrative holey graphene nanosheets will not only save resources but will also prove to be a great solution to avoid the hazards of environmental pollution. The present research aims on studying the effects of temperature and ratio of potassium hydroxide (KOH) during the chemical activation reaction of POFA, resulting in porous graphene sheets with great scope in a variety of industrial applications. These two parameters were studied because of their major influence on the yield, surface area, porosity, and quality of the produced graphene sheets. Porous graphene sheets were prepared by optimizing different activation temperatures (700 °C, 800 °C, and 900 °C) and POFA to KOH impregnation ratios (1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5). The optimal conditions for producing the best POFA-derived holey graphene in terms of the number of layers, surface area, and porosity were found with impregnation ratio of 1:3 and at temperature of 800 °C. From scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) analyses, it was found that the resulting few layer nanosheets have more uniform porosity at these optimized conditions. We found Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, pore volume and carbon percentage of 1506.64 m2/g, 0.88 cm3/g and 99% respectively which are comparable to the previous findings using other biomass sources. It was also found that a higher temperature and higher KOH ratio resulted into pore widening and increasing the surface area, but at temperatures beyond the optimized conditions, the surface area and pore volume were reduced due to more vigorous reactions, and volatilization, which led to pore destruction. The present work emphasizes that these parameters have major impact on POFA activation, and their optimisation resulted into good quality graphene nanosheets in a greener and sustainable way, which can be used for many applications including inexpensive energy-storage and water purification applications. Elsevier B.V. 2023-02 Article PeerReviewed Muhammad Ayub, Muhammad Ayub and Othman, Mohd. Hafiz Dzarfan and Mohd. Yusop, Mohd. Zamri and Khan, Imran Ullah and Tai, Zhong Sheng and Hubadillah, Siti Khadijah (2023) Optimized single-step synthesis of graphene-based carbon nanosheets from palm oil fuel ash. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 296 (NA). NA. ISSN 0254-0584 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.127202 DOI:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.127202
institution	Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
building	UTM Library
collection	Institutional Repository
continent	Asia
country	Malaysia
content_provider	Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
content_source	UTM Institutional Repository
url_provider	http://eprints.utm.my/
topic	Q Science (General)
spellingShingle	Q Science (General) Muhammad Ayub, Muhammad Ayub Othman, Mohd. Hafiz Dzarfan Mohd. Yusop, Mohd. Zamri Khan, Imran Ullah Tai, Zhong Sheng Hubadillah, Siti Khadijah Optimized single-step synthesis of graphene-based carbon nanosheets from palm oil fuel ash
description	Recycling palm oil fuel ash (POFA) into lucrative holey graphene nanosheets will not only save resources but will also prove to be a great solution to avoid the hazards of environmental pollution. The present research aims on studying the effects of temperature and ratio of potassium hydroxide (KOH) during the chemical activation reaction of POFA, resulting in porous graphene sheets with great scope in a variety of industrial applications. These two parameters were studied because of their major influence on the yield, surface area, porosity, and quality of the produced graphene sheets. Porous graphene sheets were prepared by optimizing different activation temperatures (700 °C, 800 °C, and 900 °C) and POFA to KOH impregnation ratios (1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5). The optimal conditions for producing the best POFA-derived holey graphene in terms of the number of layers, surface area, and porosity were found with impregnation ratio of 1:3 and at temperature of 800 °C. From scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) analyses, it was found that the resulting few layer nanosheets have more uniform porosity at these optimized conditions. We found Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, pore volume and carbon percentage of 1506.64 m2/g, 0.88 cm3/g and 99% respectively which are comparable to the previous findings using other biomass sources. It was also found that a higher temperature and higher KOH ratio resulted into pore widening and increasing the surface area, but at temperatures beyond the optimized conditions, the surface area and pore volume were reduced due to more vigorous reactions, and volatilization, which led to pore destruction. The present work emphasizes that these parameters have major impact on POFA activation, and their optimisation resulted into good quality graphene nanosheets in a greener and sustainable way, which can be used for many applications including inexpensive energy-storage and water purification applications.
format	Article
author	Muhammad Ayub, Muhammad Ayub Othman, Mohd. Hafiz Dzarfan Mohd. Yusop, Mohd. Zamri Khan, Imran Ullah Tai, Zhong Sheng Hubadillah, Siti Khadijah
author_facet	Muhammad Ayub, Muhammad Ayub Othman, Mohd. Hafiz Dzarfan Mohd. Yusop, Mohd. Zamri Khan, Imran Ullah Tai, Zhong Sheng Hubadillah, Siti Khadijah
author_sort	Muhammad Ayub, Muhammad Ayub
title	Optimized single-step synthesis of graphene-based carbon nanosheets from palm oil fuel ash
title_short	Optimized single-step synthesis of graphene-based carbon nanosheets from palm oil fuel ash
title_full	Optimized single-step synthesis of graphene-based carbon nanosheets from palm oil fuel ash
title_fullStr	Optimized single-step synthesis of graphene-based carbon nanosheets from palm oil fuel ash
title_full_unstemmed	Optimized single-step synthesis of graphene-based carbon nanosheets from palm oil fuel ash
title_sort	optimized single-step synthesis of graphene-based carbon nanosheets from palm oil fuel ash
publisher	Elsevier B.V.
publishDate	2023
url	http://eprints.utm.my/105546/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.127202
_version_	1800082627254812672
score	13.211869

Optimized single-step synthesis of graphene-based carbon nanosheets from palm oil fuel ash

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