Cover Image

Synthesis and characterization of metal sulfates loaded Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (PEFB) for biodiesel production

Biodiesel has been globally accepted as a green substitute for diesel fuel. However, the insecurity of food raised with the application of edible sources in biodiesel production has caused much debate. The feasible alternative technique is the use of inedible and low-grade sources such as palm fatty...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Ishfaq, Rahila, Ruslan, Nurun Najwa, Attan, Nursyafreena, Jikan, Suzi Salwah, Ameruddin, Amira Saryati
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: UKM Press 2022
Subjects:
Q Science (General)
Online Access:http://eprints.utm.my/103949/1/NursyafreenaAttan2022_SynthesisandCharacterizationofMetalSulfates.pdf
http://eprints.utm.my/103949/
http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5102-16
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my.utm.103949
record_format eprints
spelling my.utm.1039492023-12-07T08:33:35Z http://eprints.utm.my/103949/ Synthesis and characterization of metal sulfates loaded Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (PEFB) for biodiesel production Ishfaq, Rahila Ruslan, Nurun Najwa Attan, Nursyafreena Jikan, Suzi Salwah Ameruddin, Amira Saryati Q Science (General) Biodiesel has been globally accepted as a green substitute for diesel fuel. However, the insecurity of food raised with the application of edible sources in biodiesel production has caused much debate. The feasible alternative technique is the use of inedible and low-grade sources such as palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). In this work, the production of biodiesel (FAME) from PFAD using solid acid catalysts (SACs) derived from palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB) is investigated. The SACs were synthesized through impregnation of different metal sulfate precursors, i.e. ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4.7H2O), copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O), and magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgSO4.7H2O) over PEFB. SEM-EDX observations found that impregnation and then calcination resulted in attachment of sulfur (S) and improved surface porosity. FT-IR analysis showed that there were distinct interactions between metal sulfates and PEFB. XRD characterization showed that the prepared catalysts have a crystalline structure. Besides, the catalytic activity of the SACs was closely associated with their acid densities measured by the titration method. Fe-PEFB catalyst showed the highest acid density (2.44 mmol/g) among the catalysts studied. To study the effect of process parameters on FFA conversion (%), optimization of methanol: PFAD molar ratio, catalyst dosage, reaction temperature, and reaction time was conducted. Maximum FFA conversion of 89.1% was obtained over Fe-PEFB while Cu-PEFB and Mg-PEFB achieved an FFA conversion of 63 and 56.5%, respectively, under the optimum reaction conditions. Thus, the present study offers a sustainable and environmentally benign method for biodiesel production. UKM Press 2022-02 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en http://eprints.utm.my/103949/1/NursyafreenaAttan2022_SynthesisandCharacterizationofMetalSulfates.pdf Ishfaq, Rahila and Ruslan, Nurun Najwa and Attan, Nursyafreena and Jikan, Suzi Salwah and Ameruddin, Amira Saryati (2022) Synthesis and characterization of metal sulfates loaded Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (PEFB) for biodiesel production. Sains Malaysiana, 51 (2). pp. 519-532. ISSN 0126-6039 http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5102-16 DOI:10.17576/jsm-2022-5102-16
institution Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
building UTM Library
collection Institutional Repository
continent Asia
country Malaysia
content_provider Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
content_source UTM Institutional Repository
url_provider http://eprints.utm.my/
language English
topic Q Science (General)
spellingShingle Q Science (General)
Ishfaq, Rahila
Ruslan, Nurun Najwa
Attan, Nursyafreena
Jikan, Suzi Salwah
Ameruddin, Amira Saryati
Synthesis and characterization of metal sulfates loaded Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (PEFB) for biodiesel production
description Biodiesel has been globally accepted as a green substitute for diesel fuel. However, the insecurity of food raised with the application of edible sources in biodiesel production has caused much debate. The feasible alternative technique is the use of inedible and low-grade sources such as palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). In this work, the production of biodiesel (FAME) from PFAD using solid acid catalysts (SACs) derived from palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB) is investigated. The SACs were synthesized through impregnation of different metal sulfate precursors, i.e. ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4.7H2O), copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O), and magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgSO4.7H2O) over PEFB. SEM-EDX observations found that impregnation and then calcination resulted in attachment of sulfur (S) and improved surface porosity. FT-IR analysis showed that there were distinct interactions between metal sulfates and PEFB. XRD characterization showed that the prepared catalysts have a crystalline structure. Besides, the catalytic activity of the SACs was closely associated with their acid densities measured by the titration method. Fe-PEFB catalyst showed the highest acid density (2.44 mmol/g) among the catalysts studied. To study the effect of process parameters on FFA conversion (%), optimization of methanol: PFAD molar ratio, catalyst dosage, reaction temperature, and reaction time was conducted. Maximum FFA conversion of 89.1% was obtained over Fe-PEFB while Cu-PEFB and Mg-PEFB achieved an FFA conversion of 63 and 56.5%, respectively, under the optimum reaction conditions. Thus, the present study offers a sustainable and environmentally benign method for biodiesel production.
format Article
author Ishfaq, Rahila
Ruslan, Nurun Najwa
Attan, Nursyafreena
Jikan, Suzi Salwah
Ameruddin, Amira Saryati
author_facet Ishfaq, Rahila
Ruslan, Nurun Najwa
Attan, Nursyafreena
Jikan, Suzi Salwah
Ameruddin, Amira Saryati
author_sort Ishfaq, Rahila
title Synthesis and characterization of metal sulfates loaded Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (PEFB) for biodiesel production
title_short Synthesis and characterization of metal sulfates loaded Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (PEFB) for biodiesel production
title_full Synthesis and characterization of metal sulfates loaded Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (PEFB) for biodiesel production
title_fullStr Synthesis and characterization of metal sulfates loaded Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (PEFB) for biodiesel production
title_full_unstemmed Synthesis and characterization of metal sulfates loaded Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (PEFB) for biodiesel production
title_sort synthesis and characterization of metal sulfates loaded palm empty fruit bunch (pefb) for biodiesel production
publisher UKM Press
publishDate 2022
url http://eprints.utm.my/103949/1/NursyafreenaAttan2022_SynthesisandCharacterizationofMetalSulfates.pdf
http://eprints.utm.my/103949/
http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5102-16
_version_ 1787132163800432640
score 13.211869

Similar Items