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Use of tourmaline-based healthcare products and associated radiation risks

Investigation is made of 23 commercially available tourmaline-based healthcare products containing naturally occurring radioactive material (the products including hot spa stones, face masks, waist supporter slimming belts, arm relief belts, socks, insoles, soaps, and combs) with negative ion health...

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Main Authors:	Hassan, Halmat Jalal, Hashim, Suhairul, Abu Hanifah, N. Z. H., Mohd. Sanusi, Mohammad Syazwan, Fahmi, M. R., Mohd. Tahar, Rozman, Bradley, David A.
Format:	Article
Published:	Elsevier Ltd 2022
Subjects:	QC Physics
Online Access:	http://eprints.utm.my/103905/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110276
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spelling	my.utm.1039052023-12-06T04:36:13Z http://eprints.utm.my/103905/ Use of tourmaline-based healthcare products and associated radiation risks Hassan, Halmat Jalal Hashim, Suhairul Abu Hanifah, N. Z. H. Mohd. Sanusi, Mohammad Syazwan Fahmi, M. R. Mohd. Tahar, Rozman Bradley, David A. QC Physics Investigation is made of 23 commercially available tourmaline-based healthcare products containing naturally occurring radioactive material (the products including hot spa stones, face masks, waist supporter slimming belts, arm relief belts, socks, insoles, soaps, and combs) with negative ion health benefits claimed by the purveyors. Assessment is made of the radiological risk posed by the use of such products, external exposure dose being the particular focus. Gamma spectroscopy analysis and Geant4 Monte Carlo (GMC) simulations are used. Organ doses are obtained using male and female human phantoms, dose conversion factors (DCFs) being included. For 238U and 232tTh the tourmaline sock, code T20 was found to contain the greatest activity, at 2.4 ± 0.2 and 28.0 ± 1.3 Bq g ̶ 1 respectively; least was for the magnetic therapy face mask, code T02, at respective values 0.04 ± 0.01 and 0.1 ± 0.01 Bq g ̶ 1. Across all of the tourmaline products, the 4 K range was 0.16 ± 0.01–16.4 ± 1.1 Bq g ̶ 1. In terms of elemental concentration, sample T20 offered the greatest concentration, with mean percentages of 0.022 ± 0.001 and 0.78 ± 0.10, for Th and U, respectively. With the assumption of exposure for a period of 8 h per day, wearing the tourmaline sock product T20 would give rise to an annual effective dose of 0.64 mSv, less than the public annual dose limit of 1 mSv. Noting that the samples may give rise to greater doses, national screening programmes for activity are suggested in seeking to mitigate unnecessary radiation exposure. Elsevier Ltd 2022-11 Article PeerReviewed Hassan, Halmat Jalal and Hashim, Suhairul and Abu Hanifah, N. Z. H. and Mohd. Sanusi, Mohammad Syazwan and Fahmi, M. R. and Mohd. Tahar, Rozman and Bradley, David A. (2022) Use of tourmaline-based healthcare products and associated radiation risks. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 200 (NA). pp. 1-8. ISSN 0969-806X http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110276 DOI:10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110276
institution	Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
building	UTM Library
collection	Institutional Repository
continent	Asia
country	Malaysia
content_provider	Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
content_source	UTM Institutional Repository
url_provider	http://eprints.utm.my/
topic	QC Physics
spellingShingle	QC Physics Hassan, Halmat Jalal Hashim, Suhairul Abu Hanifah, N. Z. H. Mohd. Sanusi, Mohammad Syazwan Fahmi, M. R. Mohd. Tahar, Rozman Bradley, David A. Use of tourmaline-based healthcare products and associated radiation risks
description	Investigation is made of 23 commercially available tourmaline-based healthcare products containing naturally occurring radioactive material (the products including hot spa stones, face masks, waist supporter slimming belts, arm relief belts, socks, insoles, soaps, and combs) with negative ion health benefits claimed by the purveyors. Assessment is made of the radiological risk posed by the use of such products, external exposure dose being the particular focus. Gamma spectroscopy analysis and Geant4 Monte Carlo (GMC) simulations are used. Organ doses are obtained using male and female human phantoms, dose conversion factors (DCFs) being included. For 238U and 232tTh the tourmaline sock, code T20 was found to contain the greatest activity, at 2.4 ± 0.2 and 28.0 ± 1.3 Bq g ̶ 1 respectively; least was for the magnetic therapy face mask, code T02, at respective values 0.04 ± 0.01 and 0.1 ± 0.01 Bq g ̶ 1. Across all of the tourmaline products, the 4 K range was 0.16 ± 0.01–16.4 ± 1.1 Bq g ̶ 1. In terms of elemental concentration, sample T20 offered the greatest concentration, with mean percentages of 0.022 ± 0.001 and 0.78 ± 0.10, for Th and U, respectively. With the assumption of exposure for a period of 8 h per day, wearing the tourmaline sock product T20 would give rise to an annual effective dose of 0.64 mSv, less than the public annual dose limit of 1 mSv. Noting that the samples may give rise to greater doses, national screening programmes for activity are suggested in seeking to mitigate unnecessary radiation exposure.
format	Article
author	Hassan, Halmat Jalal Hashim, Suhairul Abu Hanifah, N. Z. H. Mohd. Sanusi, Mohammad Syazwan Fahmi, M. R. Mohd. Tahar, Rozman Bradley, David A.
author_facet	Hassan, Halmat Jalal Hashim, Suhairul Abu Hanifah, N. Z. H. Mohd. Sanusi, Mohammad Syazwan Fahmi, M. R. Mohd. Tahar, Rozman Bradley, David A.
author_sort	Hassan, Halmat Jalal
title	Use of tourmaline-based healthcare products and associated radiation risks
title_short	Use of tourmaline-based healthcare products and associated radiation risks
title_full	Use of tourmaline-based healthcare products and associated radiation risks
title_fullStr	Use of tourmaline-based healthcare products and associated radiation risks
title_full_unstemmed	Use of tourmaline-based healthcare products and associated radiation risks
title_sort	use of tourmaline-based healthcare products and associated radiation risks
publisher	Elsevier Ltd
publishDate	2022
url	http://eprints.utm.my/103905/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110276
_version_	1784511520341753856
score	13.211869

Use of tourmaline-based healthcare products and associated radiation risks

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