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Lightning characterization and mapping using microwave interferometer system

A lightning flash starts with the very first process called electron avalanche followed by streamer and leader. A leader is suggested to radiate intense electromagnetic fields below medium frequency (MF) bands while streamers are suggested to radiate intense very high frequency (VHF) electromagnetic...

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Main Author:	Al-Shaikhli, Taha Raad Khaleel
Format:	Thesis
Language:	English English
Published:	2021
Subjects:	T Technology (General) TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering
Online Access:	http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/26023/1/Lightning%20characterization%20and%20mapping%20using%20microwave%20interferometer%20system.pdf http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/26023/2/Lightning%20characterization%20and%20mapping%20using%20microwave%20interferometer%20system.pdf http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/26023/ https://plh.utem.edu.my/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=121254
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id	my.utem.eprints.26023
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spelling	my.utem.eprints.260232022-09-29T11:39:03Z http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/26023/ Lightning characterization and mapping using microwave interferometer system Al-Shaikhli, Taha Raad Khaleel T Technology (General) TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering A lightning flash starts with the very first process called electron avalanche followed by streamer and leader. A leader is suggested to radiate intense electromagnetic fields below medium frequency (MF) bands while streamers are suggested to radiate intense very high frequency (VHF) electromagnetic fields. On the other hand, simulation results suggested that electron avalanches radiate strong microwave electromagnetic fields at around 1GHz. In this thesis, a microwave interferometer system has been developed, fabricated, and deployed with the aim to evaluate the temporal and spatial (2D mapping) characteristics of electron avalanches development during narrow bipolar event (NBE) discharges. So far, nothing has been published about microwave interferometer system with the purpose to map lightning microwave radiation. As the streamer is preceded by electron avalanches, detecting microwave radiation before the onset of VHF radiation could be used as a method to prove that electron avalanches radiate strong microwave radiation. In order to establish a microwave interferometer system, three finite-length capacitive antennas with resonance frequency around 1 GHz, low noise amplifier (LNA) operating between 0.9 and 1.2 GHz, bandpass filter (BPF) operating between 0.95 and 1.05 GHz have been designed and fabricated. Microwave radiations associated with 98 NBEs have been recorded and analysed. Out of 98 NBEs, only 18 high amplitude and low noise NBEs were selected with 17 +NBEs and one -NBE. About 11 from 18 microwave radiations have been detected earlier than VHF and NBEs onset time with average lead time of 211.55±82.49 ns. This is a strong indication of electron avalanches detected around 200 ns before the streamer formation. Moreover, clear bipolar pulses with duration less than 50 μs have been observed during the initial stage (IS) of the main burst. It can be suggested that electron avalanches process behave impulsively before the propagating streamers formed. Furthermore, three NBEs with associated microwave radiations have been mapped where the azimuth and elevation angles can be determined. The maps proved that all three NBEs were the result of fast positive breakdown where the electron avalanches (microwave) propagated upward while the positive streamers propagated downward. 2021 Thesis NonPeerReviewed text en http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/26023/1/Lightning%20characterization%20and%20mapping%20using%20microwave%20interferometer%20system.pdf text en http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/26023/2/Lightning%20characterization%20and%20mapping%20using%20microwave%20interferometer%20system.pdf Al-Shaikhli, Taha Raad Khaleel (2021) Lightning characterization and mapping using microwave interferometer system. Doctoral thesis, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka. https://plh.utem.edu.my/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=121254
institution	Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
building	UTEM Library
collection	Institutional Repository
continent	Asia
country	Malaysia
content_provider	Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
content_source	UTEM Institutional Repository
url_provider	http://eprints.utem.edu.my/
language	English English
topic	T Technology (General) TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering
spellingShingle	T Technology (General) TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering Al-Shaikhli, Taha Raad Khaleel Lightning characterization and mapping using microwave interferometer system
description	A lightning flash starts with the very first process called electron avalanche followed by streamer and leader. A leader is suggested to radiate intense electromagnetic fields below medium frequency (MF) bands while streamers are suggested to radiate intense very high frequency (VHF) electromagnetic fields. On the other hand, simulation results suggested that electron avalanches radiate strong microwave electromagnetic fields at around 1GHz. In this thesis, a microwave interferometer system has been developed, fabricated, and deployed with the aim to evaluate the temporal and spatial (2D mapping) characteristics of electron avalanches development during narrow bipolar event (NBE) discharges. So far, nothing has been published about microwave interferometer system with the purpose to map lightning microwave radiation. As the streamer is preceded by electron avalanches, detecting microwave radiation before the onset of VHF radiation could be used as a method to prove that electron avalanches radiate strong microwave radiation. In order to establish a microwave interferometer system, three finite-length capacitive antennas with resonance frequency around 1 GHz, low noise amplifier (LNA) operating between 0.9 and 1.2 GHz, bandpass filter (BPF) operating between 0.95 and 1.05 GHz have been designed and fabricated. Microwave radiations associated with 98 NBEs have been recorded and analysed. Out of 98 NBEs, only 18 high amplitude and low noise NBEs were selected with 17 +NBEs and one -NBE. About 11 from 18 microwave radiations have been detected earlier than VHF and NBEs onset time with average lead time of 211.55±82.49 ns. This is a strong indication of electron avalanches detected around 200 ns before the streamer formation. Moreover, clear bipolar pulses with duration less than 50 μs have been observed during the initial stage (IS) of the main burst. It can be suggested that electron avalanches process behave impulsively before the propagating streamers formed. Furthermore, three NBEs with associated microwave radiations have been mapped where the azimuth and elevation angles can be determined. The maps proved that all three NBEs were the result of fast positive breakdown where the electron avalanches (microwave) propagated upward while the positive streamers propagated downward.
format	Thesis
author	Al-Shaikhli, Taha Raad Khaleel
author_facet	Al-Shaikhli, Taha Raad Khaleel
author_sort	Al-Shaikhli, Taha Raad Khaleel
title	Lightning characterization and mapping using microwave interferometer system
title_short	Lightning characterization and mapping using microwave interferometer system
title_full	Lightning characterization and mapping using microwave interferometer system
title_fullStr	Lightning characterization and mapping using microwave interferometer system
title_full_unstemmed	Lightning characterization and mapping using microwave interferometer system
title_sort	lightning characterization and mapping using microwave interferometer system
publishDate	2021
url	http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/26023/1/Lightning%20characterization%20and%20mapping%20using%20microwave%20interferometer%20system.pdf http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/26023/2/Lightning%20characterization%20and%20mapping%20using%20microwave%20interferometer%20system.pdf http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/26023/ https://plh.utem.edu.my/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=121254
_version_	1745565691896922112
score	13.211869

Lightning characterization and mapping using microwave interferometer system

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