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Immunomodulatory strategies for Parapoxvirus: current status and future approaches for the development of vaccines against Orf virus infection

Orf virus (ORFV), the prototype species of the parapoxvirus genus, is the causative agent of contagious ecthyma, an extremely devastating skin disease of sheep, goats, and humans that causes enormous economic losses in livestock production. ORFV is known for its ability to repeatedly infect both pre...

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Main Authors: Bukar, Alhaji Modu, Abdullah Jesse, Faez Firdaus, Che Abdullah, Che Azurahanim, M. Noordin, Mustapha, Lawan, Zaharaddeen, Mangga, Hassana Kyari, Balakrishnan, Krishnan Nair, Mohd Azmi, Mohd Lila
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute 2021
Online Access:http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/97622/1/ABSTRACT.pdf
http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/97622/
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/9/11/1341
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spelling my.upm.eprints.976222022-07-21T07:56:52Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/97622/ Immunomodulatory strategies for Parapoxvirus: current status and future approaches for the development of vaccines against Orf virus infection Bukar, Alhaji Modu Abdullah Jesse, Faez Firdaus Che Abdullah, Che Azurahanim M. Noordin, Mustapha Lawan, Zaharaddeen Mangga, Hassana Kyari Balakrishnan, Krishnan Nair Mohd Azmi, Mohd Lila Orf virus (ORFV), the prototype species of the parapoxvirus genus, is the causative agent of contagious ecthyma, an extremely devastating skin disease of sheep, goats, and humans that causes enormous economic losses in livestock production. ORFV is known for its ability to repeatedly infect both previously infected and vaccinated sheep due to several immunomodulatory genes encoded by the virus that temporarily suppress host immunity. Therefore, the development of novel, safe and effective vaccines against ORFV infection is an important priority. Although, the commercially licensed live-attenuated vaccines have provided partial protection against ORFV infections, the attenuated viruses have been associated with major safety concerns. In addition to safety issues, the persistent reinfection of vaccinated animals warrants the need to investigate several factors that may affect vaccine efficacy. Perhaps, the reason for the failure of the vaccine is due to the long-term adaptation of the virus in tissue culture. In recent years, the development of vaccines against ORFV infection has achieved great success due to technological advances in recombinant DNA technologies, which have opened a pathway for the development of vaccine candidates that elicit robust immunity. In this review, we present current knowledge on immune responses elicited by ORFV, with particular attention to the effects of the viral immunomodulators on the host immune system. We also discuss the implications of strain variation for the development of rational vaccines. Finally, the review will also aim to demonstrate future strategies for the development of safe and efficient vaccines against ORFV infections. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute 2021 Article PeerReviewed text en http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/97622/1/ABSTRACT.pdf Bukar, Alhaji Modu and Abdullah Jesse, Faez Firdaus and Che Abdullah, Che Azurahanim and M. Noordin, Mustapha and Lawan, Zaharaddeen and Mangga, Hassana Kyari and Balakrishnan, Krishnan Nair and Mohd Azmi, Mohd Lila (2021) Immunomodulatory strategies for Parapoxvirus: current status and future approaches for the development of vaccines against Orf virus infection. Vaccines, 9 (11). art. no. 1341. pp. 1-25. ISSN 2076-393X https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/9/11/1341 10.3390/vaccines9111341
institution Universiti Putra Malaysia
building UPM Library
collection Institutional Repository
continent Asia
country Malaysia
content_provider Universiti Putra Malaysia
content_source UPM Institutional Repository
url_provider http://psasir.upm.edu.my/
language English
description Orf virus (ORFV), the prototype species of the parapoxvirus genus, is the causative agent of contagious ecthyma, an extremely devastating skin disease of sheep, goats, and humans that causes enormous economic losses in livestock production. ORFV is known for its ability to repeatedly infect both previously infected and vaccinated sheep due to several immunomodulatory genes encoded by the virus that temporarily suppress host immunity. Therefore, the development of novel, safe and effective vaccines against ORFV infection is an important priority. Although, the commercially licensed live-attenuated vaccines have provided partial protection against ORFV infections, the attenuated viruses have been associated with major safety concerns. In addition to safety issues, the persistent reinfection of vaccinated animals warrants the need to investigate several factors that may affect vaccine efficacy. Perhaps, the reason for the failure of the vaccine is due to the long-term adaptation of the virus in tissue culture. In recent years, the development of vaccines against ORFV infection has achieved great success due to technological advances in recombinant DNA technologies, which have opened a pathway for the development of vaccine candidates that elicit robust immunity. In this review, we present current knowledge on immune responses elicited by ORFV, with particular attention to the effects of the viral immunomodulators on the host immune system. We also discuss the implications of strain variation for the development of rational vaccines. Finally, the review will also aim to demonstrate future strategies for the development of safe and efficient vaccines against ORFV infections.
format Article
author Bukar, Alhaji Modu
Abdullah Jesse, Faez Firdaus
Che Abdullah, Che Azurahanim
M. Noordin, Mustapha
Lawan, Zaharaddeen
Mangga, Hassana Kyari
Balakrishnan, Krishnan Nair
Mohd Azmi, Mohd Lila
spellingShingle Bukar, Alhaji Modu
Abdullah Jesse, Faez Firdaus
Che Abdullah, Che Azurahanim
M. Noordin, Mustapha
Lawan, Zaharaddeen
Mangga, Hassana Kyari
Balakrishnan, Krishnan Nair
Mohd Azmi, Mohd Lila
Immunomodulatory strategies for Parapoxvirus: current status and future approaches for the development of vaccines against Orf virus infection
author_facet Bukar, Alhaji Modu
Abdullah Jesse, Faez Firdaus
Che Abdullah, Che Azurahanim
M. Noordin, Mustapha
Lawan, Zaharaddeen
Mangga, Hassana Kyari
Balakrishnan, Krishnan Nair
Mohd Azmi, Mohd Lila
author_sort Bukar, Alhaji Modu
title Immunomodulatory strategies for Parapoxvirus: current status and future approaches for the development of vaccines against Orf virus infection
title_short Immunomodulatory strategies for Parapoxvirus: current status and future approaches for the development of vaccines against Orf virus infection
title_full Immunomodulatory strategies for Parapoxvirus: current status and future approaches for the development of vaccines against Orf virus infection
title_fullStr Immunomodulatory strategies for Parapoxvirus: current status and future approaches for the development of vaccines against Orf virus infection
title_full_unstemmed Immunomodulatory strategies for Parapoxvirus: current status and future approaches for the development of vaccines against Orf virus infection
title_sort immunomodulatory strategies for parapoxvirus: current status and future approaches for the development of vaccines against orf virus infection
publisher Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
publishDate 2021
url http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/97622/1/ABSTRACT.pdf
http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/97622/
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/9/11/1341
_version_ 1739829918133387264
score 13.211869

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