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Trends in widely used catalysts for fatty acids methyl esters FAME production: a review

The effective transesterification process to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) requires the use of low-cost, less corrosive, environmentally friendly and effective catalysts. Currently, worldwide biodiesel production revolves around the use of alkaline and acidic catalysts employed in heteroge...

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Main Authors: Nisar, Shafaq, Hanif, Muhammad Asif, Rashid, Umer, Hanif, Asma, Akhtar, Muhammad Nadeem, Ngamcharussrivichai, Chawalit
Format: Article
Published: MDPI 2021
Online Access:http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/93439/
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/11/9/1085
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spelling my.upm.eprints.934392023-01-12T06:51:13Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/93439/ Trends in widely used catalysts for fatty acids methyl esters FAME production: a review Nisar, Shafaq Hanif, Muhammad Asif Rashid, Umer Hanif, Asma Akhtar, Muhammad Nadeem Ngamcharussrivichai, Chawalit The effective transesterification process to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) requires the use of low-cost, less corrosive, environmentally friendly and effective catalysts. Currently, worldwide biodiesel production revolves around the use of alkaline and acidic catalysts employed in heterogeneous and homogeneous phases. Homogeneous catalysts (soluble catalysts) for FAME production have been widespread for a while, but solid catalysts (heterogeneous catalysts) are a newer development for FAME production. The rate of reaction is much increased when homogeneous basic catalysts are used, but the main drawback is the cost of the process which arises due to the separation of catalysts from the reaction media after product formation. A promising field for catalytic biodiesel production is the use of heteropoly acids (HPAs) and polyoxometalate compounds. The flexibility of their structures and super acidic properties can be enhanced by incorporation of polyoxometalate anions into the complex proton acids. This pseudo liquid phase makes it possible for nearly all mobile protons to take part in the catalysis process. Carbonaceous materials which are obtained after sulfonation show promising catalytic activity towards the transesterification process. Another promising heterogeneous acid catalyst used for FAME production is vanadium phosphate. Furthermore, biocatalysts are receiving attention for large-scale FAME production in which lipase is the most common one used successfully This review critically describes the most important homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts used in the current FAME production, with future directions for their use. MDPI 2021-09-09 Article PeerReviewed Nisar, Shafaq and Hanif, Muhammad Asif and Rashid, Umer and Hanif, Asma and Akhtar, Muhammad Nadeem and Ngamcharussrivichai, Chawalit (2021) Trends in widely used catalysts for fatty acids methyl esters FAME production: a review. Catalysts, 11 (9). art. no. 1085. pp. 1-24. ISSN 2073-4344 https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/11/9/1085 10.3390/catal11091085
institution Universiti Putra Malaysia
building UPM Library
collection Institutional Repository
continent Asia
country Malaysia
content_provider Universiti Putra Malaysia
content_source UPM Institutional Repository
url_provider http://psasir.upm.edu.my/
description The effective transesterification process to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) requires the use of low-cost, less corrosive, environmentally friendly and effective catalysts. Currently, worldwide biodiesel production revolves around the use of alkaline and acidic catalysts employed in heterogeneous and homogeneous phases. Homogeneous catalysts (soluble catalysts) for FAME production have been widespread for a while, but solid catalysts (heterogeneous catalysts) are a newer development for FAME production. The rate of reaction is much increased when homogeneous basic catalysts are used, but the main drawback is the cost of the process which arises due to the separation of catalysts from the reaction media after product formation. A promising field for catalytic biodiesel production is the use of heteropoly acids (HPAs) and polyoxometalate compounds. The flexibility of their structures and super acidic properties can be enhanced by incorporation of polyoxometalate anions into the complex proton acids. This pseudo liquid phase makes it possible for nearly all mobile protons to take part in the catalysis process. Carbonaceous materials which are obtained after sulfonation show promising catalytic activity towards the transesterification process. Another promising heterogeneous acid catalyst used for FAME production is vanadium phosphate. Furthermore, biocatalysts are receiving attention for large-scale FAME production in which lipase is the most common one used successfully This review critically describes the most important homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts used in the current FAME production, with future directions for their use.
format Article
author Nisar, Shafaq
Hanif, Muhammad Asif
Rashid, Umer
Hanif, Asma
Akhtar, Muhammad Nadeem
Ngamcharussrivichai, Chawalit
spellingShingle Nisar, Shafaq
Hanif, Muhammad Asif
Rashid, Umer
Hanif, Asma
Akhtar, Muhammad Nadeem
Ngamcharussrivichai, Chawalit
Trends in widely used catalysts for fatty acids methyl esters FAME production: a review
author_facet Nisar, Shafaq
Hanif, Muhammad Asif
Rashid, Umer
Hanif, Asma
Akhtar, Muhammad Nadeem
Ngamcharussrivichai, Chawalit
author_sort Nisar, Shafaq
title Trends in widely used catalysts for fatty acids methyl esters FAME production: a review
title_short Trends in widely used catalysts for fatty acids methyl esters FAME production: a review
title_full Trends in widely used catalysts for fatty acids methyl esters FAME production: a review
title_fullStr Trends in widely used catalysts for fatty acids methyl esters FAME production: a review
title_full_unstemmed Trends in widely used catalysts for fatty acids methyl esters FAME production: a review
title_sort trends in widely used catalysts for fatty acids methyl esters fame production: a review
publisher MDPI
publishDate 2021
url http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/93439/
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/11/9/1085
_version_ 1755873895877967872
score 13.211869

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