Assessment of therapeutic and antimocrobial effects of local plants on bacterial diseases in red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis sp.)
Currently, aquaculture is regarded as one of the potential strategic industries for Malaysia. The percentage on its production increases year by year. The growth are obvious due to obstacle in continuous dependent on finite stocks of protein source from wild-caught fish which is shown to be ov...
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
2016
|
| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/65916/1/FPV%202016%2015%20UPM%20IR.pdf http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/65916/ |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| Summary: | Currently, aquaculture is regarded as one of the potential strategic industries
for Malaysia. The percentage on its production increases year by year. The
growth are obvious due to obstacle in continuous dependent on finite stocks of
protein source from wild-caught fish which is shown to be over-exploited or
near to be depletion. One of main problem in aquaculture is outbreaks of
infectious diseases which has incurred big losses to the industry. Herbal
medicine has been used in most part of the world as an alternative medicine
for human being and domestic animals. The plant compounds have been
shown to be beneficial and rich in a wide variety of phytonutrients, and thus
used as chemotherapeutics and feed additives. Hence, the general objectives
of this study were to determine the effect of herbal supplementation on the
growth performance, disease resistant, disease treatment in Red hybrid tilapia
(Oreochromis sp.). Six extracts of Vitex trifolia, Aloe vera, Strobilanthes
crispus, Clinacanthus nutans, Pereskia grandifolia and Peperomia pellucida
were determined for phytochemical properties and their antibacterial activities
against common freshwater pathogens i.e. Streptococcus agalactiae,
Aeromonas hydrophila and Enterobacter cloacae. Qualitatively screening of
phytochemical properties in herbs were determined for flavonoids, tannins,
saponin, alkaloids steroid and glycoside. The results showed presence of
flavonoid in all plant extracts. For the antimicrobial activity, the aqueous and
methanolic extracts were tested by using disk diffusion method. Antimicrobial
assay of methanolic extracts (25 to 100 mg/mL) showed effectiveness against
the pathogenic bacteria. Comparatively, all aqueous extracts did not show any
antimicrobial activity. Moderate antibacterial activity was shown by the
methanolic extracts of V. trifolia, A. vera and S. crispus while weak
antimicrobial activity was shown by C. nutans, P. grandifolia and P. pellucida.
From the antimicrobial result, three potential plant extracts namely V. trifolia
(VTE), S. crispus (SCE) and A. vera (AVE) were test for toxicity and feeding
experiment. The cytotoxicity test using Artemia salina (45.9 - 66.7 μg/mL) and
BF-2 fish cell line (85.0 - 120.50 μg/mL). The median lethal dose (LD50) value
in Oreochromis sp. injected intraperitoneal were equivalent to 2.67 X 107 CFU/mL (S. agalactiae), 3.10 X 106 CFU/mL (E. cloacae) and 3.75 X 105
CFU/mL (A. hydrophila). Oreochromis sp. were fed with diet supplemented with
VTE, SCE and AVE at 2g/kg, 5g/kg, 7g/kg and 9g/kg for 45 days, followed by
challenged with 0.1 ml of 107 CFU/ml S. agalactiae. The results showed
Oreochromis sp. supplemented with VTE-7 was the best growth promoter
among treatments. It showed 57.3% in body weight gain with 100%
survivability. For haematological the value of Hb after challenged with
S. agalactiae showed significant different (P<0.05) compared to control except
in SCE-2 and SCE-7. While, in WBC value showed significant different
(P<0.05) except in AVE-5 and AVE-7. In MCV value showed significant
different except in SCE-5, AVE-9 and in MCHC value showed significant
except in VTE-2 and SCE-5. In biochemical parameters of blood, there was
significant different in ALT value observed in fish fed with VTE-2, VTE-5, VTE-
7, SCE-2, SCE-5, SCE-7, AVE-5 and AVE-7 compared to control (infected). In
AST value showed significant different (P<0.05) in VTE-5, VTE-7, SCE-9, AVE-
2 and AVE-7 compared to control (infected). Fish fed with SCE-5 was the best
for the disease resistant showed the highest level of WBC value indicated
increase immune responses and the ability of the fish to fight S. agalactiae. In
histology examination of different selected herbal extracts showed mild
degeneration in liver and kidney tissues. To determine the growth performance
and disease resistant of Oreochromis sp. supplemented with herbal-mixed of
the selected herbal extracts, the fish were fed with diet containing mixtures of
AVE&VTE, VTE&SCE, SCE&AVE. Herbal mixed of AVE&VTE showed the
most significant increased as compared with others. For SGR, only AVE&VTE
showed promising result with significant higher (P< 0.05) than control. Fish
survival after the disease challenge showed significant difference (P< 0.05)
compared to control. In haematological assays, the post-challenged results
showed the significant increased (P<0.05) of RBC, Hb and PCV values. The
WBC value in pre- and post-challenged showed no significant different
(P>0.05) of all treatments compared to control. As for MCHC value reading
with the mixed-herbals, AVE&SCE was the only treatment which revealed no
significant difference (P>0.05) in pre-challenged and showed decreased
significant difference (P<0.05) in post-challenged in all treatments. On the
other hand, MCV and plasma protein values did not show any significant
difference (P>0.05) as compared to control. The biochemical parameters of
ALT value and AST value were significantly affected by mixed-herbal
supplementation. However in the post-challenged, the ALP value showed no
significant difference compared to control. Histopathological changes, which
included necrosis and haemorrhage in the kidney, liver and hepatopancreas
tissues could be due to the cytotoxin produced by the bacteria. Also, a study
was carried out to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of methanol
extracts of V. trifolia, S. crispus and A. vera Oreochromis sp. as disease
treatment. Results showed that RBC levels were significantly increased
(P<0.05) in VTE-2, SCE-2, SCE-5, SCE-9, AVE-5, AVE-7 and control (OTC) as
compared to control (infected). While, Hb value showed significant increased in
VTE-2, SCE-5, SCE-9, in contrast to significant decreased in AVE-7 and AVE-
9 as compared to control. For PCV value showed significant (P<0.05)
increased in all treatments included control (OTC) as compared to control
(infected). On the other hand, in MCHC value no significant different for SCE-5.
Plasma protein value showed significant increased (P<0.05) after
supplementation of VTE-2, VTE-5, SCE-2, SCE-5, SCE-9, AVE-2, AVE-5, AVE-9. For ALT and AST values, they showed significant decrease in all
treatments including control (uninfected) and control (OTC) (P<0.05). Also in
ALP value, it showed significant decreased in all treatments including the
control (OTC). The survivability of fish showed increase after fed with the
herbal supplementation (P< 0.05) in VTE-5, VTE-7, AVE-2, AVE-5 and AVE-9
as compared to control (infected). All the haematological measurements in
Oreochromis sp. that were infected with S. agalactiae with supplemented with
VTE, SCE and AVE showed similar values compared with the control and the
treatment with antibiotic. Its indicated the fish that were infected with
S. agalactiae able to restore their haematological indices to near normal
values. The results were agreeable with literatures which reported the
numerous efficacies of the use of herbal in aquaculture to control various
bacterial pathogens. Also from current research findings, suggested that mixed
herbal of methanolic-extract given to S. agalactiae infected Oreochromis sp.
had a synergistic restorative effect on the hematological variables. In
conclusion, current study suggested that V. trifolia, S. crispus and A. vera
extracts and mixed herbal were effective as growth promoters and bacterial
disease treatment in Oreochromis sp. It also proved the potential of the
selected herbal plant as aquaculture therapeutant as they were environmental
friendly and it showed negligible side effect in the intended fish. |
|---|