Pathogenic bacteria, antimicrobial susceptibility and ultrasonographic features of feline lower urinary tract disease
Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) is a common condition affecting cats urinary bladder and urethra with varying prevalence globally. The condition is caused by uroliths, urethral plugs, bacterial infections or neoplasia. Internationally, there has been an increase in the rate of FLUTD ca...
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
2022
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/114660/1/114660.pdf http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/114660/ http://ethesis.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/18164 |
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| Summary: | Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) is a common condition affecting cats
urinary bladder and urethra with varying prevalence globally. The condition is
caused by uroliths, urethral plugs, bacterial infections or neoplasia.
Internationally, there has been an increase in the rate of FLUTD caused by
urinary tract infections (UTI). This study aimed to characterise clinical features,
diagnostic imaging and laboratory findings in cats with FLUTD, both
retrospectively and prospectively. History, signalment and physical examination
information of the cats were obtained. Laboratory findings including
haematology, biochemistry, urinalysis, bacterial identification, antibiotic
sensitivity testing and diagnostic imaging findings were analysed. In addition of
this, the prospective study analysed temporal ultrasonographic changes in the
bladder at 3-day intervals during the hospitalisation period. In both studies,
results showed that most cats were male and belonged to multi-cat households
with no access to outdoors. In both studies common clinical signs were
stranguria and inappetence. Neutrophilia and hyperkalemia were common
clinicopathological abnormalities recorded along with elevated blood urea
nitrogen and creatinine. The retrospective study included 61 cases which
reported the most common bacterial pathogens of FLUTD were Staphylococcus
spp. (23.2%), Enterococcus spp. (17.9%), and Escherichia coli (16.1%). It was
also found that Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoane recorded high level
of antibiotic resistance. The impact factor calculated was found highest for
cephalexin (31.14) and amoxicillin / clavulanic acid (30.82). Uroliths and
emphysemateous cystitis were diagnosed by radiography, while bladder
leakage and urethral stenosis were found on contrast cystography.
Ultrasonography was used to diagnose pseudomembraneous cystitis,
emphysemateous cystitis, cystitis and evaluate kidney size. In the prospective
study, temporal ultrasonographic changes were recorded at 3-day intervals for
13 cats diagnosed with FLUTD. This led to change in treatment protocol of two
cases from medical to surgical management. This prospective study also
documented the first occurrences of Enterobacter cloacae in a case of
emphysematous cystitis and Pasteurella spp. in a case of pseudomembraneous
cystitis. Proteus mirabilis was the most common urinary bacterial pathogen
found in the prospective study. This study contributed to the understanding of
the clinical manifestation of FLUTD, the bacterial pathogens and the temporal
ultrasonographic changes. |
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