Staff View: Waste palm leaves-based hydrochar support catalytic esterification of palm fatty acid distillate

Waste palm leaves-based hydrochar support catalytic esterification of palm fatty acid distillate

Heterogeneous acid catalysis provides a sustainable and cost-effective replacement to homogeneous catalysts, as it is easily accessible and reusable. In this research, biodiesel was synthesized from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) by way of esterification utilizing a heterogeneous acid catalyst co...

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Main Authors:	Aliyu, Muhammad, Rashid, Umer, Wan Ab Karim Ghani, Wan Azlina, Mohd Salleh, Mohamad Amran, Hazmi, Balkis, Alharthi, Fahad A., Antunes, Elsa, Yu, Jianglong
Format:	Article
Published:	Springer 2024
Online Access:	http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/113912/ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12155-024-10789-6?error=cookies_not_supported&code=8674cc6e-7cc6-4e4b-98ee-2e08ca69e916
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spelling	my.upm.eprints.1139122025-02-07T08:37:32Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/113912/ Waste palm leaves-based hydrochar support catalytic esterification of palm fatty acid distillate Aliyu, Muhammad Rashid, Umer Wan Ab Karim Ghani, Wan Azlina Mohd Salleh, Mohamad Amran Hazmi, Balkis Alharthi, Fahad A. Antunes, Elsa Yu, Jianglong Heterogeneous acid catalysis provides a sustainable and cost-effective replacement to homogeneous catalysts, as it is easily accessible and reusable. In this research, biodiesel was synthesized from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) by way of esterification utilizing a heterogeneous acid catalyst composed of CuO/WPLAHC-S, which was derived from waste palm leaves-based hydrochar. The catalyst was characterized using TGA, XRD, FESEM, EDX, BET, FT-IR, Raman, and acid density. The synthesized catalyst was found to have remarkable stability during the thermal test. The BET surface area, pore volume, and pore width of the synthesized catalyst were measured at 118.47 m2/g, 0.05 cm3/g, and 8.15 nm, respectively. The significant acidity density (18.57 mmol/g) facilitated the simultaneous esterification process. The investigation found that the copper-doped activated hydrochar, treated with sulfuric acid, exhibited excellent catalytic activity. A high yield of 98.34% fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) was achieved under mild conditions with the use of a catalyst concentration of 2 wt.%, a methanol-to-PFAD molar ratio of 15:1, and a reaction temperature of 80 °C for a duration of 3 h. For statistical analysis, one-way ANOVA was applied to verify the experimental data set for PFAD esterification optimization parameters by predetermining a 95% confidence interval. All of the esterification parameters met the expectation of a p-value less than 0.05 indicating its significant impact on FAME production. The catalyst exhibited excellent performance by maintaining a FAME yield of over 90% after four reaction cycles without requiring reactivation. The study demonstrates the efficacy of CuO/WPLAHC-S as a promising acid catalyst derived from waste palm leaves-based hydrochar for biodiesel production from PFAD. Graphical Abstract: (Figure presented.) Springer 2024-08-02 Article PeerReviewed Aliyu, Muhammad and Rashid, Umer and Wan Ab Karim Ghani, Wan Azlina and Mohd Salleh, Mohamad Amran and Hazmi, Balkis and Alharthi, Fahad A. and Antunes, Elsa and Yu, Jianglong (2024) Waste palm leaves-based hydrochar support catalytic esterification of palm fatty acid distillate. Bioenergy Research, 17 (4). pp. 2413-2428. ISSN 1939-1234; eISSN: 1939-1242 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12155-024-10789-6?error=cookies_not_supported&code=8674cc6e-7cc6-4e4b-98ee-2e08ca69e916 10.1007/s12155-024-10789-6
institution	Universiti Putra Malaysia
building	UPM Library
collection	Institutional Repository
continent	Asia
country	Malaysia
content_provider	Universiti Putra Malaysia
content_source	UPM Institutional Repository
url_provider	http://psasir.upm.edu.my/
description	Heterogeneous acid catalysis provides a sustainable and cost-effective replacement to homogeneous catalysts, as it is easily accessible and reusable. In this research, biodiesel was synthesized from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) by way of esterification utilizing a heterogeneous acid catalyst composed of CuO/WPLAHC-S, which was derived from waste palm leaves-based hydrochar. The catalyst was characterized using TGA, XRD, FESEM, EDX, BET, FT-IR, Raman, and acid density. The synthesized catalyst was found to have remarkable stability during the thermal test. The BET surface area, pore volume, and pore width of the synthesized catalyst were measured at 118.47 m2/g, 0.05 cm3/g, and 8.15 nm, respectively. The significant acidity density (18.57 mmol/g) facilitated the simultaneous esterification process. The investigation found that the copper-doped activated hydrochar, treated with sulfuric acid, exhibited excellent catalytic activity. A high yield of 98.34% fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) was achieved under mild conditions with the use of a catalyst concentration of 2 wt.%, a methanol-to-PFAD molar ratio of 15:1, and a reaction temperature of 80 °C for a duration of 3 h. For statistical analysis, one-way ANOVA was applied to verify the experimental data set for PFAD esterification optimization parameters by predetermining a 95% confidence interval. All of the esterification parameters met the expectation of a p-value less than 0.05 indicating its significant impact on FAME production. The catalyst exhibited excellent performance by maintaining a FAME yield of over 90% after four reaction cycles without requiring reactivation. The study demonstrates the efficacy of CuO/WPLAHC-S as a promising acid catalyst derived from waste palm leaves-based hydrochar for biodiesel production from PFAD. Graphical Abstract: (Figure presented.)
format	Article
author	Aliyu, Muhammad Rashid, Umer Wan Ab Karim Ghani, Wan Azlina Mohd Salleh, Mohamad Amran Hazmi, Balkis Alharthi, Fahad A. Antunes, Elsa Yu, Jianglong
spellingShingle	Aliyu, Muhammad Rashid, Umer Wan Ab Karim Ghani, Wan Azlina Mohd Salleh, Mohamad Amran Hazmi, Balkis Alharthi, Fahad A. Antunes, Elsa Yu, Jianglong Waste palm leaves-based hydrochar support catalytic esterification of palm fatty acid distillate
author_facet	Aliyu, Muhammad Rashid, Umer Wan Ab Karim Ghani, Wan Azlina Mohd Salleh, Mohamad Amran Hazmi, Balkis Alharthi, Fahad A. Antunes, Elsa Yu, Jianglong
author_sort	Aliyu, Muhammad
title	Waste palm leaves-based hydrochar support catalytic esterification of palm fatty acid distillate
title_short	Waste palm leaves-based hydrochar support catalytic esterification of palm fatty acid distillate
title_full	Waste palm leaves-based hydrochar support catalytic esterification of palm fatty acid distillate
title_fullStr	Waste palm leaves-based hydrochar support catalytic esterification of palm fatty acid distillate
title_full_unstemmed	Waste palm leaves-based hydrochar support catalytic esterification of palm fatty acid distillate
title_sort	waste palm leaves-based hydrochar support catalytic esterification of palm fatty acid distillate
publisher	Springer
publishDate	2024
url	http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/113912/ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12155-024-10789-6?error=cookies_not_supported&code=8674cc6e-7cc6-4e4b-98ee-2e08ca69e916
_version_	1823534618937131008
score	13.23648

Waste palm leaves-based hydrochar support catalytic esterification of palm fatty acid distillate

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