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In vitro evaluation of oral contraceptives on long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) primary ovarian cells

Hormonal contraception has been advocated as an alternative population control method for the long-tailed macaque population, which has increased exponentially due to anthropogenic changes and incidental food subsidies from human food waste. Risks of increased zoonosis and conflict are imminent if t...

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Main Authors: Muhammed, Mikail, Tengku Azizan, Tengku Rinalfi Putra, Mohd Noor, Mohd Hezmee, Abu Hassim, Hasliza, Che'Amat, Azlan, Saleh, Annas Bin, Han, Mark Hiew Wen, Ab Latip, Mohd Qayyum
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier Ltd 2024
Online Access:http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/113850/1/113850.pdf
http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/113850/
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2405844024122165
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spelling my.upm.eprints.1138502025-01-23T08:29:33Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/113850/ In vitro evaluation of oral contraceptives on long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) primary ovarian cells Muhammed, Mikail Tengku Azizan, Tengku Rinalfi Putra Mohd Noor, Mohd Hezmee Abu Hassim, Hasliza Che'Amat, Azlan Saleh, Annas Bin Han, Mark Hiew Wen Ab Latip, Mohd Qayyum Hormonal contraception has been advocated as an alternative population control method for the long-tailed macaque population, which has increased exponentially due to anthropogenic changes and incidental food subsidies from human food waste. Risks of increased zoonosis and conflict are imminent if the population growth of long-tailed macaques is unchecked. However, there's a gap in the literature about the effect of hormonal contraceptives on long-tailed macaque reproductive tissues cell line. The present study aims to investigate the effect of oral contraceptives (Nordette, Noriday, and Ella) on long-tailed macaque ovarian cells. We determine the cell viability and cytotoxicity as well as the morphological changes of the drugs on long-tailed macaque ovarian cells using the MTT assay, Acridine orange/propidium iodide double staining method, morphological examination, and the 4, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining method. For the MTT assay, The drugs were dissolved in culture media before use to have a concentration ranging from 0.5 μg/mL, 2.5 μg/mL, 0.125 μg/mL, 0.0625 μg/mL, and 0.0315 μg/mL to have three replicates for each treatment. In contrast, the concentration of 0.0315 μg/mL was used for the morphological and histopathological analysis. The result of the study indicates that human oral contraceptives (Nordette, Noriday, and Ella) inhibit the growth of long-tailed macaque ovarian cells and induce apoptosis in a concentration- and time-dependent manner (at a concentration of 0.0315 μg/mL and an IC50 lower than 10 μg/mL), With a statistically significant value of ****P < 0.001 for each drug compared to the negative control. The result of the present study contributes toward addressing the gap in the literature on the effect of oral contraceptives in long-tailed macaque ovarian cells. Hence, we conclude that human oral contraceptives (Nordette, Noriday, and Ella) are safe and effective in long-tailed macaque ovarian cells as such could be used to develop non-invasive oral contraceptives for controlling the population of long-tailed macaques as an alternative population control method. Elsevier Ltd 2024-08-30 Article PeerReviewed text en cc_by_nc_4 http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/113850/1/113850.pdf Muhammed, Mikail and Tengku Azizan, Tengku Rinalfi Putra and Mohd Noor, Mohd Hezmee and Abu Hassim, Hasliza and Che'Amat, Azlan and Saleh, Annas Bin and Han, Mark Hiew Wen and Ab Latip, Mohd Qayyum (2024) In vitro evaluation of oral contraceptives on long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) primary ovarian cells. Heliyon, 10 (16). art. no. e36185. pp. 1-10. ISSN 2405-8440; eISSN: 2405-8440 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2405844024122165 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36185
institution Universiti Putra Malaysia
building UPM Library
collection Institutional Repository
continent Asia
country Malaysia
content_provider Universiti Putra Malaysia
content_source UPM Institutional Repository
url_provider http://psasir.upm.edu.my/
language English
description Hormonal contraception has been advocated as an alternative population control method for the long-tailed macaque population, which has increased exponentially due to anthropogenic changes and incidental food subsidies from human food waste. Risks of increased zoonosis and conflict are imminent if the population growth of long-tailed macaques is unchecked. However, there's a gap in the literature about the effect of hormonal contraceptives on long-tailed macaque reproductive tissues cell line. The present study aims to investigate the effect of oral contraceptives (Nordette, Noriday, and Ella) on long-tailed macaque ovarian cells. We determine the cell viability and cytotoxicity as well as the morphological changes of the drugs on long-tailed macaque ovarian cells using the MTT assay, Acridine orange/propidium iodide double staining method, morphological examination, and the 4, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining method. For the MTT assay, The drugs were dissolved in culture media before use to have a concentration ranging from 0.5 μg/mL, 2.5 μg/mL, 0.125 μg/mL, 0.0625 μg/mL, and 0.0315 μg/mL to have three replicates for each treatment. In contrast, the concentration of 0.0315 μg/mL was used for the morphological and histopathological analysis. The result of the study indicates that human oral contraceptives (Nordette, Noriday, and Ella) inhibit the growth of long-tailed macaque ovarian cells and induce apoptosis in a concentration- and time-dependent manner (at a concentration of 0.0315 μg/mL and an IC50 lower than 10 μg/mL), With a statistically significant value of ****P < 0.001 for each drug compared to the negative control. The result of the present study contributes toward addressing the gap in the literature on the effect of oral contraceptives in long-tailed macaque ovarian cells. Hence, we conclude that human oral contraceptives (Nordette, Noriday, and Ella) are safe and effective in long-tailed macaque ovarian cells as such could be used to develop non-invasive oral contraceptives for controlling the population of long-tailed macaques as an alternative population control method.
format Article
author Muhammed, Mikail
Tengku Azizan, Tengku Rinalfi Putra
Mohd Noor, Mohd Hezmee
Abu Hassim, Hasliza
Che'Amat, Azlan
Saleh, Annas Bin
Han, Mark Hiew Wen
Ab Latip, Mohd Qayyum
spellingShingle Muhammed, Mikail
Tengku Azizan, Tengku Rinalfi Putra
Mohd Noor, Mohd Hezmee
Abu Hassim, Hasliza
Che'Amat, Azlan
Saleh, Annas Bin
Han, Mark Hiew Wen
Ab Latip, Mohd Qayyum
In vitro evaluation of oral contraceptives on long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) primary ovarian cells
author_facet Muhammed, Mikail
Tengku Azizan, Tengku Rinalfi Putra
Mohd Noor, Mohd Hezmee
Abu Hassim, Hasliza
Che'Amat, Azlan
Saleh, Annas Bin
Han, Mark Hiew Wen
Ab Latip, Mohd Qayyum
author_sort Muhammed, Mikail
title In vitro evaluation of oral contraceptives on long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) primary ovarian cells
title_short In vitro evaluation of oral contraceptives on long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) primary ovarian cells
title_full In vitro evaluation of oral contraceptives on long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) primary ovarian cells
title_fullStr In vitro evaluation of oral contraceptives on long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) primary ovarian cells
title_full_unstemmed In vitro evaluation of oral contraceptives on long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) primary ovarian cells
title_sort in vitro evaluation of oral contraceptives on long-tailed macaque (macaca fascicularis) primary ovarian cells
publisher Elsevier Ltd
publishDate 2024
url http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/113850/1/113850.pdf
http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/113850/
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2405844024122165
_version_ 1823093078869671936
score 13.23648

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