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Metal(loid) Analysis of commercial rice from Malaysia using ICP‑MS: Potential health risk evaluation

Rice is a predominant staple food in many countries. It is a great source of energy but can also accumulate toxic and trace metal(loid)s from the environment and pose serious health hazards to consumers if overdosed. This study aims to determine the concentration of toxic metal(loid)s [arsenic (As),...

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Main Authors: Navaretnam, Raneesha, Hassan, Hadirah Nasuha, Mohd Isa, Noorain, Aris, Ahmad Zaharin, Ley, Juen Looi
Format: Article
Published: Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2023
Online Access:http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/110214/
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-023-28459-z?error=cookies_not_supported&code=bc017dd9-cc0e-4ecb-9546-524f86982e02
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spelling my.upm.eprints.1102142024-09-04T04:14:26Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/110214/ Metal(loid) Analysis of commercial rice from Malaysia using ICP‑MS: Potential health risk evaluation Navaretnam, Raneesha Hassan, Hadirah Nasuha Mohd Isa, Noorain Aris, Ahmad Zaharin Ley, Juen Looi Rice is a predominant staple food in many countries. It is a great source of energy but can also accumulate toxic and trace metal(loid)s from the environment and pose serious health hazards to consumers if overdosed. This study aims to determine the concentration of toxic metal(loid)s [arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni)] and essential metal(loid)s [iron (Fe), selenium (Se), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co)] in various types of commercially available rice (basmati, glutinous, brown, local whites, and fragrant rice) in Malaysia, and to assess the potential human health risk. Rice samples were digested following the USEPA 3050B acid digestion method and the concentrations of metal(loid)s were analyzed using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Mean concentrations (mg/kg as dry weight) of metal(loid)s (n=45) across all rice types were found in the order of Fe (41.37)>Cu (6.51)>Cr (1.91)>Ni (0.38)>As (0.35)>Se (0.07)>Cd (0.03)>Co (0.02). Thirty-three percent and none of the rice samples surpassed, respectively, the FAO/WHO recommended limits of As and Cd. This study revealed that rice could be a primary exposure pathway to toxic metal(loid)s, leading to either noncarcinogenic or carcinogenic health problems. The non-carcinogenic health risk was mainly associated with As which contributed 63% to the hazard index followed by Cr (34%), Cd (2%), and Ni (1%). The carcinogenic risk to adults was high (>10-4) for As, Cr, Cd, and Ni. The cancer risk (CR) for each element was 5 to 8 times higher than the upper limit of cancer risk for an environmental carcinogen (<10-4). The findings from this study could provide the metal(loid)s pollution status of various types of rice which are beneficial to relevant authorities in addressing food safety and security-related issues. Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2023 Article PeerReviewed Navaretnam, Raneesha and Hassan, Hadirah Nasuha and Mohd Isa, Noorain and Aris, Ahmad Zaharin and Ley, Juen Looi (2023) Metal(loid) Analysis of commercial rice from Malaysia using ICP‑MS: Potential health risk evaluation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30 (37). 87695 - 87720. ISSN 0944-1344; ESSN: 1614-7499 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-023-28459-z?error=cookies_not_supported&code=bc017dd9-cc0e-4ecb-9546-524f86982e02 10.1007/s11356-023-28459-z
institution Universiti Putra Malaysia
building UPM Library
collection Institutional Repository
continent Asia
country Malaysia
content_provider Universiti Putra Malaysia
content_source UPM Institutional Repository
url_provider http://psasir.upm.edu.my/
description Rice is a predominant staple food in many countries. It is a great source of energy but can also accumulate toxic and trace metal(loid)s from the environment and pose serious health hazards to consumers if overdosed. This study aims to determine the concentration of toxic metal(loid)s [arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni)] and essential metal(loid)s [iron (Fe), selenium (Se), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co)] in various types of commercially available rice (basmati, glutinous, brown, local whites, and fragrant rice) in Malaysia, and to assess the potential human health risk. Rice samples were digested following the USEPA 3050B acid digestion method and the concentrations of metal(loid)s were analyzed using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Mean concentrations (mg/kg as dry weight) of metal(loid)s (n=45) across all rice types were found in the order of Fe (41.37)>Cu (6.51)>Cr (1.91)>Ni (0.38)>As (0.35)>Se (0.07)>Cd (0.03)>Co (0.02). Thirty-three percent and none of the rice samples surpassed, respectively, the FAO/WHO recommended limits of As and Cd. This study revealed that rice could be a primary exposure pathway to toxic metal(loid)s, leading to either noncarcinogenic or carcinogenic health problems. The non-carcinogenic health risk was mainly associated with As which contributed 63% to the hazard index followed by Cr (34%), Cd (2%), and Ni (1%). The carcinogenic risk to adults was high (>10-4) for As, Cr, Cd, and Ni. The cancer risk (CR) for each element was 5 to 8 times higher than the upper limit of cancer risk for an environmental carcinogen (<10-4). The findings from this study could provide the metal(loid)s pollution status of various types of rice which are beneficial to relevant authorities in addressing food safety and security-related issues.
format Article
author Navaretnam, Raneesha
Hassan, Hadirah Nasuha
Mohd Isa, Noorain
Aris, Ahmad Zaharin
Ley, Juen Looi
spellingShingle Navaretnam, Raneesha
Hassan, Hadirah Nasuha
Mohd Isa, Noorain
Aris, Ahmad Zaharin
Ley, Juen Looi
Metal(loid) Analysis of commercial rice from Malaysia using ICP‑MS: Potential health risk evaluation
author_facet Navaretnam, Raneesha
Hassan, Hadirah Nasuha
Mohd Isa, Noorain
Aris, Ahmad Zaharin
Ley, Juen Looi
author_sort Navaretnam, Raneesha
title Metal(loid) Analysis of commercial rice from Malaysia using ICP‑MS: Potential health risk evaluation
title_short Metal(loid) Analysis of commercial rice from Malaysia using ICP‑MS: Potential health risk evaluation
title_full Metal(loid) Analysis of commercial rice from Malaysia using ICP‑MS: Potential health risk evaluation
title_fullStr Metal(loid) Analysis of commercial rice from Malaysia using ICP‑MS: Potential health risk evaluation
title_full_unstemmed Metal(loid) Analysis of commercial rice from Malaysia using ICP‑MS: Potential health risk evaluation
title_sort metal(loid) analysis of commercial rice from malaysia using icp‑ms: potential health risk evaluation
publisher Springer Science and Business Media LLC
publishDate 2023
url http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/110214/
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-023-28459-z?error=cookies_not_supported&code=bc017dd9-cc0e-4ecb-9546-524f86982e02
_version_ 1811686060549210112
score 13.211869

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