Mapping dengue risk hotspots based on sociological, environmental and climatic factors using geographical information system
Dengue fever (DF) and dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) continue to be major public health problems in Malaysia. These vector-borne diseases are transmitted by Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) and Aedes albopictus (Ae. albopictus). Until today, there is no vaccine to control the outbreaks of DF and DHF....
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
2022
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/104756/1/FPAS%202022%2021%20IR.pdf http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/104756/ |
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| Summary: | Dengue fever (DF) and dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) continue to be major
public health problems in Malaysia. These vector-borne diseases are transmitted
by Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) and Aedes albopictus (Ae. albopictus). Until
today, there is no vaccine to control the outbreaks of DF and DHF. The better
understanding of relationship between vectors, risk factors and infected human
is crucial in devising strategy to control dengue.The main objective of this study
is to develop dengue risk map based on sociological, environmental and climatic
factors at hotspot areas for dengue transmission by using Geographical
Information System (GIS). This research was carried out at three different
localities; residential areas, routine areas and intersect areas. The mapping of
transmission areas was produced based on interview with three hundred and
seventy-nine respondents with dengue history from Parliament Batu and
Parliament Wangsa Maju. The ovitrap survey was conducted as indicator for
Aedes mosquito detection. The impact of sociological and environmental factors
contributing to dengue cases were evaluated in this study by chi-square and
binary regression. Pearson’s Correlation and Mann-Kendall Trend analysis were
used for climate evaluation. Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) was used for
produce the map of each factor followed by Weightage analysis for risk maps.
Finally, the validation of risk map was carried out by using kernel density
estimation in order to identify the contributing factors in hotspot areas.
Descriptive data indicated 118 (31%) respondents stayed at home, and 261
(69%) respondents went to work, school and college. The spatial distribution of
dengue cases based on the residential areas showed the highest numbers of
respondent from Parliament Batu were Kampung Padang Balang, Taman Dato’ Senu and Flat Sri Perak, while in Parliament Wangsa Maju were Kem
Wardieburn and Seksyen 2. Light Rail Transit (LRT) Station of Wangsa Maju
showed the highest numbers were visited by the respondent, and followed by
Tar College. The most frequent intersect point presented at the map were nearby
to Flat Sri Perak and Kem Wardieburn. Ae. albopictus was found to be most
dominant species in study areas with Ovitrap Index values between 65% to 74%.
The chi-square results showed there is a significant association between
respondents who had one experience with dengue and lived in houses shaded
with vegetation (95% CI = 0.263 and 0.836, p = 0.012) with playground area near
the house (95%CI = 0.304 and 0.859, p = 0.011). Furthermore, a significant
association with respondent who had once experienced by dengue was not
present of playground at routine area (95%CI = 0.186 and 0.99, p = 0.036). The
analysis from year 2012 to 2016 by using Pearson’s Correlation showed that
dengue cases in Kuala Lumpur were significantly correlated with temperature,
relative humidity and rainfall (p < 0.05). Mann-Kendall trend analysis showed in
both 2012 and 2014 indicated the rising in dengue cases were affected by the
increases in temperature and wind speed, while the relative humidty and rainfall
affects the dengue with decreasing pattern. The risk map in residential setting
showed high risk areas namely Flat Sri Perak mostly concentrated in Parlimen
Batu, and Taman Setapak Indah in Parlimen Wangsa Maju. Routine area’s map
showed high risk areas namely Sekolah Menengah Setapak Indah, Sekolah
Menengah Bandar Baru Sentul and Sekolah Kebangsaan Danau Kota which
mostly visited in study areas. The most concentrated intersect areas from risk
map were located near to Kem Wardieburn, Sri Pelangi Condominium and Flat
Sri Perak.The results indicated most factors in high risk and low risk areas from
residential areas showed similarity between risk map and validation map
excepting employment status, presence of construction areas, rainfall and wind
speed. Routine areas showed four factors presented contradicting between risk
map and validation which were presence of construction area, presence of
playground area, rainfall and wind speed. Meanwhile, six factors presented
contradicting in intersect areas were presence of construction area, presence of
playground area, presence of vegetation, relative humidity, rainfall and wind
speed. This study revealed that the most common areas for dengue-afflicted
patients to be present in included the residential, work, and study areas. Dengue
transmission can be influenced by a combination of multi factorial as they may
collectively and indirectly contribute to the density of the Aedes mosquitoes. Risk
map and validation from this study can be used by as a model for vector control
program in order to predict the high risk areas and association factors in urban
areas. |
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