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Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using magnetic bifunctional calcium and iron oxide nanocatalysts derived from empty fruit bunch

Magnetic bifunctional nanocatalyst supported on activated carbon (AC), CaO-Fe2O3/AC was synthesized via wet impregnation method and was utilized for catalytic transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO). A series of characterization techniques were performed to determine acid-base properties, mag...

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Main Authors:	Ibrahim, Naeemah A., Rashid, Umer, Hazmi, Balkis, Moser, Bryan R., Alharthi, Fahad A., Rokhum, Samuel Lalthazuala, Ngamcharussrivichai, Chawalit
Format:	Article
Published:	Elsevier 2022
Online Access:	http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/100539/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016236122003908
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spelling	my.upm.eprints.1005392023-11-21T09:08:42Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/100539/ Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using magnetic bifunctional calcium and iron oxide nanocatalysts derived from empty fruit bunch Ibrahim, Naeemah A. Rashid, Umer Hazmi, Balkis Moser, Bryan R. Alharthi, Fahad A. Rokhum, Samuel Lalthazuala Ngamcharussrivichai, Chawalit Magnetic bifunctional nanocatalyst supported on activated carbon (AC), CaO-Fe2O3/AC was synthesized via wet impregnation method and was utilized for catalytic transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO). A series of characterization techniques were performed to determine acid-base properties, magnetism, thermal stability, crystallinity, chemical composition, surface properties, and morphology of the catalyst. The BET analysis showed that the CaO-Fe2O3 catalysts had specific surface areas and pore sizes (∼5 nm) that were suitable for the transesterification reaction. The optimized catalyst, CaO(10%)-Fe2O3(10%)/AC, possessed significant acidity and basicity desorption of 18532 μmol g−1 and 2653 μmol g−1, respectively, which contributed to maximum biodiesel yield of 98.3% at the following reaction conditions: 3 wt%, catalyst loading, 18:1 methanol to oil molar ratio and at 65 °C for 3 h of reaction. Furthermore, the magnetism of CaO(10%)-Fe2O3(10%)/AC was 7.59 emu/g, which facilitated high recovery rates from the reaction mixture by magnetic decantation. Reusability experiments revealed a high catalytic stability (FAME yield > 80%) for at least six consecutive cycles. Biodiesel confirmation by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed a strong C=O absorption band at 1774 cm--1 and a singlet methoxy proton signal at 3.7 ppm. Lastly, fuel properties analysis met the American biodiesel standard ASTM 6751 with low kinetic viscosity of 3.42 mm2s−1 and flash point of 134 °C. Elsevier 2022-06-01 Article PeerReviewed Ibrahim, Naeemah A. and Rashid, Umer and Hazmi, Balkis and Moser, Bryan R. and Alharthi, Fahad A. and Rokhum, Samuel Lalthazuala and Ngamcharussrivichai, Chawalit (2022) Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using magnetic bifunctional calcium and iron oxide nanocatalysts derived from empty fruit bunch. Fuel, 317. art. no. 123525. pp. 1-14. ISSN 0016-2361; ESSN: 1873-7153 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016236122003908 10.1016/j.fuel.2022.123525
institution	Universiti Putra Malaysia
building	UPM Library
collection	Institutional Repository
continent	Asia
country	Malaysia
content_provider	Universiti Putra Malaysia
content_source	UPM Institutional Repository
url_provider	http://psasir.upm.edu.my/
description	Magnetic bifunctional nanocatalyst supported on activated carbon (AC), CaO-Fe2O3/AC was synthesized via wet impregnation method and was utilized for catalytic transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO). A series of characterization techniques were performed to determine acid-base properties, magnetism, thermal stability, crystallinity, chemical composition, surface properties, and morphology of the catalyst. The BET analysis showed that the CaO-Fe2O3 catalysts had specific surface areas and pore sizes (∼5 nm) that were suitable for the transesterification reaction. The optimized catalyst, CaO(10%)-Fe2O3(10%)/AC, possessed significant acidity and basicity desorption of 18532 μmol g−1 and 2653 μmol g−1, respectively, which contributed to maximum biodiesel yield of 98.3% at the following reaction conditions: 3 wt%, catalyst loading, 18:1 methanol to oil molar ratio and at 65 °C for 3 h of reaction. Furthermore, the magnetism of CaO(10%)-Fe2O3(10%)/AC was 7.59 emu/g, which facilitated high recovery rates from the reaction mixture by magnetic decantation. Reusability experiments revealed a high catalytic stability (FAME yield > 80%) for at least six consecutive cycles. Biodiesel confirmation by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed a strong C=O absorption band at 1774 cm--1 and a singlet methoxy proton signal at 3.7 ppm. Lastly, fuel properties analysis met the American biodiesel standard ASTM 6751 with low kinetic viscosity of 3.42 mm2s−1 and flash point of 134 °C.
format	Article
author	Ibrahim, Naeemah A. Rashid, Umer Hazmi, Balkis Moser, Bryan R. Alharthi, Fahad A. Rokhum, Samuel Lalthazuala Ngamcharussrivichai, Chawalit
spellingShingle	Ibrahim, Naeemah A. Rashid, Umer Hazmi, Balkis Moser, Bryan R. Alharthi, Fahad A. Rokhum, Samuel Lalthazuala Ngamcharussrivichai, Chawalit Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using magnetic bifunctional calcium and iron oxide nanocatalysts derived from empty fruit bunch
author_facet	Ibrahim, Naeemah A. Rashid, Umer Hazmi, Balkis Moser, Bryan R. Alharthi, Fahad A. Rokhum, Samuel Lalthazuala Ngamcharussrivichai, Chawalit
author_sort	Ibrahim, Naeemah A.
title	Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using magnetic bifunctional calcium and iron oxide nanocatalysts derived from empty fruit bunch
title_short	Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using magnetic bifunctional calcium and iron oxide nanocatalysts derived from empty fruit bunch
title_full	Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using magnetic bifunctional calcium and iron oxide nanocatalysts derived from empty fruit bunch
title_fullStr	Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using magnetic bifunctional calcium and iron oxide nanocatalysts derived from empty fruit bunch
title_full_unstemmed	Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using magnetic bifunctional calcium and iron oxide nanocatalysts derived from empty fruit bunch
title_sort	biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using magnetic bifunctional calcium and iron oxide nanocatalysts derived from empty fruit bunch
publisher	Elsevier
publishDate	2022
url	http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/100539/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016236122003908
_version_	1783879925628928000
score	13.211869

Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using magnetic bifunctional calcium and iron oxide nanocatalysts derived from empty fruit bunch

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