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Optimization of bio-oil production from macroalgae, caulerpa lentillifera via hydrothermal liquefaction

An environmentally friendly method of producing bio-oil through the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of algae has emerged, providing a path toward renewable energy and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Algae is currently received a lot of interest as biomass feedstock due to its long growing season...

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Main Authors:	Ong M.Y., Azmi N.L., Nomanbhay S.
Other Authors:	57191970824
Format:	Conference paper
Published:	Institute of Physics 2025
Subjects:	Catalysts Energy efficiency Gas emissions Greenhouse gases Liquefaction Loading Sodium hydroxide Bio-oil yield Bio-oils Catalyst loadings Caulerpa lentillifera Energy Hydrothermal liquefactions Macro-algae Oil-production RSM Water ratio Algae
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id	my.uniten.dspace-37004
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spelling	my.uniten.dspace-370042025-03-03T15:46:32Z Optimization of bio-oil production from macroalgae, caulerpa lentillifera via hydrothermal liquefaction Ong M.Y. Azmi N.L. Nomanbhay S. 57191970824 59231269400 57217211137 Catalysts Energy efficiency Gas emissions Greenhouse gases Liquefaction Loading Sodium hydroxide Bio-oil yield Bio-oils Catalyst loadings Caulerpa lentillifera Energy Hydrothermal liquefactions Macro-algae Oil-production RSM Water ratio Algae An environmentally friendly method of producing bio-oil through the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of algae has emerged, providing a path toward renewable energy and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Algae is currently received a lot of interest as biomass feedstock due to its long growing season in warm climate area, does not require arable land, and relatively rapid growing rate. This study aims to optimize the HTL process of macroalgae (Caulerpa lentillifera) for bio-oil production, focusing on optimizing the bio-oil yield based on three parameters (operating temperature, the loading size of catalyst sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and algae-to-water ratio) using Box Behnken Design (also generally known as Response Surface Methodology). The results showed that an ideal reaction temperature of 277 �C, a 1:10 algae-to-water ratio, and 0.88 wt% catalyst loading led to an optimal experimental bio-oil yield of 11.65 wt%. Sensitivity study also revealed that the temperature is the second most important component, after the algae-to-water ratio. The difference in the catalyst loading showed low impact on the HTL of algae. Slight improvement to the bio-oil yield under the presence of NaOH is mainly due to the alkali environment provided by NaOH. The FTIR spectrum revealed the existence of various functional groups in the bio-oil. In summary, HTL has been effective in turning Caulerpa lentillifera into useful bio-oil. Overall, this study contributes to the growing body of research on algae-based bio-oil production. The results highlighted the potential of HTL as a promising technology for sustainable biofuel production, offering a pathway towards a greener and more energy-efficient future. ? Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd. Final 2025-03-03T07:46:32Z 2025-03-03T07:46:32Z 2024 Conference paper 10.1088/1755-1315/1372/1/012035 2-s2.0-85199333429 https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85199333429&doi=10.1088%2f1755-1315%2f1372%2f1%2f012035&partnerID=40&md5=07cf32dad0d82947d19306cb9e89e870 https://irepository.uniten.edu.my/handle/123456789/37004 1372 1 12035 All Open Access; Gold Open Access Institute of Physics Scopus
institution	Universiti Tenaga Nasional
building	UNITEN Library
collection	Institutional Repository
continent	Asia
country	Malaysia
content_provider	Universiti Tenaga Nasional
content_source	UNITEN Institutional Repository
url_provider	http://dspace.uniten.edu.my/
topic	Catalysts Energy efficiency Gas emissions Greenhouse gases Liquefaction Loading Sodium hydroxide Bio-oil yield Bio-oils Catalyst loadings Caulerpa lentillifera Energy Hydrothermal liquefactions Macro-algae Oil-production RSM Water ratio Algae
spellingShingle	Catalysts Energy efficiency Gas emissions Greenhouse gases Liquefaction Loading Sodium hydroxide Bio-oil yield Bio-oils Catalyst loadings Caulerpa lentillifera Energy Hydrothermal liquefactions Macro-algae Oil-production RSM Water ratio Algae Ong M.Y. Azmi N.L. Nomanbhay S. Optimization of bio-oil production from macroalgae, caulerpa lentillifera via hydrothermal liquefaction
description	An environmentally friendly method of producing bio-oil through the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of algae has emerged, providing a path toward renewable energy and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Algae is currently received a lot of interest as biomass feedstock due to its long growing season in warm climate area, does not require arable land, and relatively rapid growing rate. This study aims to optimize the HTL process of macroalgae (Caulerpa lentillifera) for bio-oil production, focusing on optimizing the bio-oil yield based on three parameters (operating temperature, the loading size of catalyst sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and algae-to-water ratio) using Box Behnken Design (also generally known as Response Surface Methodology). The results showed that an ideal reaction temperature of 277 �C, a 1:10 algae-to-water ratio, and 0.88 wt% catalyst loading led to an optimal experimental bio-oil yield of 11.65 wt%. Sensitivity study also revealed that the temperature is the second most important component, after the algae-to-water ratio. The difference in the catalyst loading showed low impact on the HTL of algae. Slight improvement to the bio-oil yield under the presence of NaOH is mainly due to the alkali environment provided by NaOH. The FTIR spectrum revealed the existence of various functional groups in the bio-oil. In summary, HTL has been effective in turning Caulerpa lentillifera into useful bio-oil. Overall, this study contributes to the growing body of research on algae-based bio-oil production. The results highlighted the potential of HTL as a promising technology for sustainable biofuel production, offering a pathway towards a greener and more energy-efficient future. ? Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.
author2	57191970824
author_facet	57191970824 Ong M.Y. Azmi N.L. Nomanbhay S.
format	Conference paper
author	Ong M.Y. Azmi N.L. Nomanbhay S.
author_sort	Ong M.Y.
title	Optimization of bio-oil production from macroalgae, caulerpa lentillifera via hydrothermal liquefaction
title_short	Optimization of bio-oil production from macroalgae, caulerpa lentillifera via hydrothermal liquefaction
title_full	Optimization of bio-oil production from macroalgae, caulerpa lentillifera via hydrothermal liquefaction
title_fullStr	Optimization of bio-oil production from macroalgae, caulerpa lentillifera via hydrothermal liquefaction
title_full_unstemmed	Optimization of bio-oil production from macroalgae, caulerpa lentillifera via hydrothermal liquefaction
title_sort	optimization of bio-oil production from macroalgae, caulerpa lentillifera via hydrothermal liquefaction
publisher	Institute of Physics
publishDate	2025
_version_	1825816200999862272
score	13.244413

Optimization of bio-oil production from macroalgae, caulerpa lentillifera via hydrothermal liquefaction

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