Alternatives for Fresh Water in Cement-Based Materials: A Review
Huge amounts of fresh water are used in the concrete industry every day. The quantity and quality of water play important roles in determining the quality, strength, setting time, and durability of cement-based materials (CBMs), such as paste, mortar, and concrete. Freshwater systems are under press...
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2024
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my.uniten.dspace-340792024-10-14T11:17:53Z Alternatives for Fresh Water in Cement-Based Materials: A Review Yousuf S. Shafigh P. Muda Z.C. Katman H.Y.B. Latif A. 57209853136 36675939300 55812444000 55812804800 55848702700 cement-based material durability industrial wastewater mechanical property seawater Cements Climate change Concrete products Durability Population statistics Potable water Sewage Wastewater treatment Water quality Cement based material Fresh Water Freshwater systems Industrial wastewaters Industrialisation Population growth Quality of water Setting time Water resources management Waters resources cement (construction material) concrete drinking water durability freshwater seawater wastewater water resource Seawater Huge amounts of fresh water are used in the concrete industry every day. The quantity and quality of water play important roles in determining the quality, strength, setting time, and durability of cement-based materials (CBMs), such as paste, mortar, and concrete. Freshwater systems are under pressure due to climate changes, industrialisation, population growth, urbanisation, and the lack of proper water resource management. The lack of potable water has resulted in the search for possible alternatives, such as seawater, treated industrial wastewater, treated sewage wastewater, carwash service station wastewater, wastewater from ready-mix concrete plants, and wastewater from the stone-cutting industry. All of these water resources can be used in concrete to achieve adequate industry standards for the physical and chemical characteristics of concrete. This study is a comprehensive review of the existing information regarding the effects of alternate water resources on the fresh, physical, strength, and durability properties of CBMs. The review shows that the research on the utilisation of wastewater in CBMs is limited. The development of different procedures and methods is urgently needed to utilise various wastewaters in concrete production. The usage of various wastewaters in concrete construction overcomes their adverse impacts on the environment and human health. � 2023 by the authors. Final 2024-10-14T03:17:53Z 2024-10-14T03:17:53Z 2023 Review 10.3390/w15152828 2-s2.0-85167685854 https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85167685854&doi=10.3390%2fw15152828&partnerID=40&md5=adf00778b9410124616686cd7e5bc176 https://irepository.uniten.edu.my/handle/123456789/34079 15 15 2828 All Open Access Gold Open Access Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) Scopus |
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cement-based material durability industrial wastewater mechanical property seawater Cements Climate change Concrete products Durability Population statistics Potable water Sewage Wastewater treatment Water quality Cement based material Fresh Water Freshwater systems Industrial wastewaters Industrialisation Population growth Quality of water Setting time Water resources management Waters resources cement (construction material) concrete drinking water durability freshwater seawater wastewater water resource Seawater |
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cement-based material durability industrial wastewater mechanical property seawater Cements Climate change Concrete products Durability Population statistics Potable water Sewage Wastewater treatment Water quality Cement based material Fresh Water Freshwater systems Industrial wastewaters Industrialisation Population growth Quality of water Setting time Water resources management Waters resources cement (construction material) concrete drinking water durability freshwater seawater wastewater water resource Seawater Yousuf S. Shafigh P. Muda Z.C. Katman H.Y.B. Latif A. Alternatives for Fresh Water in Cement-Based Materials: A Review |
| description |
Huge amounts of fresh water are used in the concrete industry every day. The quantity and quality of water play important roles in determining the quality, strength, setting time, and durability of cement-based materials (CBMs), such as paste, mortar, and concrete. Freshwater systems are under pressure due to climate changes, industrialisation, population growth, urbanisation, and the lack of proper water resource management. The lack of potable water has resulted in the search for possible alternatives, such as seawater, treated industrial wastewater, treated sewage wastewater, carwash service station wastewater, wastewater from ready-mix concrete plants, and wastewater from the stone-cutting industry. All of these water resources can be used in concrete to achieve adequate industry standards for the physical and chemical characteristics of concrete. This study is a comprehensive review of the existing information regarding the effects of alternate water resources on the fresh, physical, strength, and durability properties of CBMs. The review shows that the research on the utilisation of wastewater in CBMs is limited. The development of different procedures and methods is urgently needed to utilise various wastewaters in concrete production. The usage of various wastewaters in concrete construction overcomes their adverse impacts on the environment and human health. � 2023 by the authors. |
| author2 |
57209853136 |
| author_facet |
57209853136 Yousuf S. Shafigh P. Muda Z.C. Katman H.Y.B. Latif A. |
| format |
Review |
| author |
Yousuf S. Shafigh P. Muda Z.C. Katman H.Y.B. Latif A. |
| author_sort |
Yousuf S. |
| title |
Alternatives for Fresh Water in Cement-Based Materials: A Review |
| title_short |
Alternatives for Fresh Water in Cement-Based Materials: A Review |
| title_full |
Alternatives for Fresh Water in Cement-Based Materials: A Review |
| title_fullStr |
Alternatives for Fresh Water in Cement-Based Materials: A Review |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Alternatives for Fresh Water in Cement-Based Materials: A Review |
| title_sort |
alternatives for fresh water in cement-based materials: a review |
| publisher |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) |
| publishDate |
2024 |
| _version_ |
1814061103524610048 |
| score |
13.211869 |