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Oil palm empty fruit bunch derived microcrystalline cellulose supported magnetic acid catalyst for esterification reaction: An optimization study

Calcination; Cellulose; Esterification; Esters; Fruits; Hematite; Molar ratio; Oleic acid; Palm oil; Pore size; Reusability; Acid catalyst; Empty fruit bunches; Esterification of oleic acids; Esterification reactions; Magnetic acid catalyst; Micro-crystalline cellulose; Oil palm; Oil palm empty frui...

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Main Authors: Krishnan S.G., Pua F.-L., Zhang F.
Other Authors: 57190370972
Format: Article
Published: Elsevier Ltd 2023
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spelling my.uniten.dspace-272912023-05-29T17:42:12Z Oil palm empty fruit bunch derived microcrystalline cellulose supported magnetic acid catalyst for esterification reaction: An optimization study Krishnan S.G. Pua F.-L. Zhang F. 57190370972 36024192100 56531001000 Calcination; Cellulose; Esterification; Esters; Fruits; Hematite; Molar ratio; Oleic acid; Palm oil; Pore size; Reusability; Acid catalyst; Empty fruit bunches; Esterification of oleic acids; Esterification reactions; Magnetic acid catalyst; Micro-crystalline cellulose; Oil palm; Oil palm empty fruit bunch; Optimisations; ]+ catalyst; Magnetism; Calcination; Cellulose; Esterification; Esters; Fruits; Oleic Acid The present work demonstrates a one-step preparation of Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) based magnetic acid catalysts, using an in-situ impregnation process for the esterification of oleic acid. Commercial MCC and oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) derived MCC was used to synthesize the magnetic acid catalysts. The variation of synthesis conditions such as MCC loading, catalyst synthesis time, calcination temperature and time contributed to the development of commercial MCC supported magnetic acid catalyst (C-MCC/?-Fe2O3), and EFB MCC supported magnetic acid catalyst (EFB-MCC/?-Fe2O3). The EFB-MCC/?-Fe2O3 had a high acidity of 2.4 mmol/g under the optimized conditions: 5 g EFB-MCC loadings, 3 h catalyst synthesis time and calcination at 500�C for 3 h. The catalyst showed good ferromagnetic properties contributed by maghemite, ?-Fe2O3, in, the catalyst. The catalyst also exhibited a mesoporous structure with a high specific surface area of 290.55 m2/g, pore volume of 0.249 cm3/g, and pore size of 3.5 nm. This could signify the catalytic efficiency of EFB-MCC/?-Fe2O3 catalyst via esterification of oleic acid. The influence of the esterification reaction parameters on the oleic acid conversion was investigated using the Box-Behnken optimization design. The highest esterification rate of 92.1% was obtained at the optimum reaction conditions of 9 wt% catalyst loadings, 12:1 methanol-oleic acid molar ratio and reaction time of 120 min at the fixed reaction temperature 60�C. The EFB derived MCC magnetic acid catalyst displayed a good catalytic performance and rapid separation with reusability up to 5 times. � 2021 Final 2023-05-29T09:42:11Z 2023-05-29T09:42:11Z 2022 Article 10.1016/j.ecmx.2021.100159 2-s2.0-85121215596 https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85121215596&doi=10.1016%2fj.ecmx.2021.100159&partnerID=40&md5=ebac97becfb50937362d164a30461426 https://irepository.uniten.edu.my/handle/123456789/27291 13 100159 All Open Access, Gold Elsevier Ltd Scopus
institution Universiti Tenaga Nasional
building UNITEN Library
collection Institutional Repository
continent Asia
country Malaysia
content_provider Universiti Tenaga Nasional
content_source UNITEN Institutional Repository
url_provider http://dspace.uniten.edu.my/
description Calcination; Cellulose; Esterification; Esters; Fruits; Hematite; Molar ratio; Oleic acid; Palm oil; Pore size; Reusability; Acid catalyst; Empty fruit bunches; Esterification of oleic acids; Esterification reactions; Magnetic acid catalyst; Micro-crystalline cellulose; Oil palm; Oil palm empty fruit bunch; Optimisations; ]+ catalyst; Magnetism; Calcination; Cellulose; Esterification; Esters; Fruits; Oleic Acid
author2 57190370972
author_facet 57190370972
Krishnan S.G.
Pua F.-L.
Zhang F.
format Article
author Krishnan S.G.
Pua F.-L.
Zhang F.
spellingShingle Krishnan S.G.
Pua F.-L.
Zhang F.
Oil palm empty fruit bunch derived microcrystalline cellulose supported magnetic acid catalyst for esterification reaction: An optimization study
author_sort Krishnan S.G.
title Oil palm empty fruit bunch derived microcrystalline cellulose supported magnetic acid catalyst for esterification reaction: An optimization study
title_short Oil palm empty fruit bunch derived microcrystalline cellulose supported magnetic acid catalyst for esterification reaction: An optimization study
title_full Oil palm empty fruit bunch derived microcrystalline cellulose supported magnetic acid catalyst for esterification reaction: An optimization study
title_fullStr Oil palm empty fruit bunch derived microcrystalline cellulose supported magnetic acid catalyst for esterification reaction: An optimization study
title_full_unstemmed Oil palm empty fruit bunch derived microcrystalline cellulose supported magnetic acid catalyst for esterification reaction: An optimization study
title_sort oil palm empty fruit bunch derived microcrystalline cellulose supported magnetic acid catalyst for esterification reaction: an optimization study
publisher Elsevier Ltd
publishDate 2023
_version_ 1806427396806541312
score 13.222552

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