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Quantification of mains water savings from decentralised rainwater, greywater, and hybrid rainwater-greywater systems in tropical climatic conditions

Harvesting; Hybrid systems; Irrigation; Office buildings; Potable water; Rain; Recycling; Reliability; Roofs; Tanks (containers); Wastewater reclamation; Alternative waters; Greywater recycling; Malaysia; Non-potable; Rain water harvesting; Tank; Water recycling

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Main Authors: Leong J.Y.C., Chong M.N., Poh P.E., Vieritz A., Talei A., Chow M.F.
Other Authors: 57195460061
Format: Article
Published: Elsevier Ltd 2023
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spelling my.uniten.dspace-238882023-05-29T14:52:49Z Quantification of mains water savings from decentralised rainwater, greywater, and hybrid rainwater-greywater systems in tropical climatic conditions Leong J.Y.C. Chong M.N. Poh P.E. Vieritz A. Talei A. Chow M.F. 57195460061 24491709500 26639683100 15045925700 36094737600 57214146115 Harvesting; Hybrid systems; Irrigation; Office buildings; Potable water; Rain; Recycling; Reliability; Roofs; Tanks (containers); Wastewater reclamation; Alternative waters; Greywater recycling; Malaysia; Non-potable; Rain water harvesting; Tank; Water recycling Decentralised rainwater harvesting, greywater recycling, and hybrid rainwater-greywater systems mitigate water scarcity in urban areas. However, data on the mains water savings potential of these systems is not well documented in Malaysia, and real site characteristics are often neglected. The main objectives of this study were to (i) quantify mains water savings potential of six rainwater harvesting systems, two greywater recycling systems, and a hybrid rainwater-greywater system in Malaysia using real site characteristics as inputs to an in-house spreadsheet RainTANK water balance model; (ii) evaluate and recommend optimal connected roof area and rainwater tank volume combinations to maximise yields in rainwater systems; (iii) determine differences in mains water savings potential between domestic and commercial rainwater and greywater systems; and (iv) evaluate the possibility of upgrading an existing rainwater system to a hybrid rainwater-greywater system. Results showed that domestic rainwater systems supplied more than 90% of non-potable water demand for toilet flushing, laundry, and irrigation (i.e. with an overall reliability ranging between 35.5% and 52.5% for the modelled sites), whereas commercial rainwater system supplied less than 43% of non-potable water demand for toilet flushing and irrigation (i.e. with an overall reliability ranging between 11.2% and 22.1% for the modelled sites). Greywater recycling provided overall reliabilities of 21.1% and 41.0% for commercial and domestic systems, respectively, for toilet flushing and irrigation. Domestic rainwater systems had optimal roof areas and tank volumes, whereas commercial rainwater systems can improve rainwater yields by 41�67% by increasing either connected roof area or total rainwater tank volume. Upgrading to a hybrid system increases mains water savings for both domestic and commercial buildings, and maximum overall reliabilities of 32.3%, 57.1%, and 25.1% at Sites 1, 2, and SP, respectively, can be gained from reusing rainwater followed by greywater. A domestic hybrid system should primarily reuse rainwater and supply remaining demand with greywater, whereas a commercial hybrid system should reuse greywater and top-up with rainwater. � 2017 Elsevier Ltd Final 2023-05-29T06:52:49Z 2023-05-29T06:52:49Z 2018 Article 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.020 2-s2.0-85037602300 https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85037602300&doi=10.1016%2fj.jclepro.2017.12.020&partnerID=40&md5=a5722ad30689d61e2afd7b139ca7456f https://irepository.uniten.edu.my/handle/123456789/23888 176 946 958 Elsevier Ltd Scopus
institution Universiti Tenaga Nasional
building UNITEN Library
collection Institutional Repository
continent Asia
country Malaysia
content_provider Universiti Tenaga Nasional
content_source UNITEN Institutional Repository
url_provider http://dspace.uniten.edu.my/
description Harvesting; Hybrid systems; Irrigation; Office buildings; Potable water; Rain; Recycling; Reliability; Roofs; Tanks (containers); Wastewater reclamation; Alternative waters; Greywater recycling; Malaysia; Non-potable; Rain water harvesting; Tank; Water recycling
author2 57195460061
author_facet 57195460061
Leong J.Y.C.
Chong M.N.
Poh P.E.
Vieritz A.
Talei A.
Chow M.F.
format Article
author Leong J.Y.C.
Chong M.N.
Poh P.E.
Vieritz A.
Talei A.
Chow M.F.
spellingShingle Leong J.Y.C.
Chong M.N.
Poh P.E.
Vieritz A.
Talei A.
Chow M.F.
Quantification of mains water savings from decentralised rainwater, greywater, and hybrid rainwater-greywater systems in tropical climatic conditions
author_sort Leong J.Y.C.
title Quantification of mains water savings from decentralised rainwater, greywater, and hybrid rainwater-greywater systems in tropical climatic conditions
title_short Quantification of mains water savings from decentralised rainwater, greywater, and hybrid rainwater-greywater systems in tropical climatic conditions
title_full Quantification of mains water savings from decentralised rainwater, greywater, and hybrid rainwater-greywater systems in tropical climatic conditions
title_fullStr Quantification of mains water savings from decentralised rainwater, greywater, and hybrid rainwater-greywater systems in tropical climatic conditions
title_full_unstemmed Quantification of mains water savings from decentralised rainwater, greywater, and hybrid rainwater-greywater systems in tropical climatic conditions
title_sort quantification of mains water savings from decentralised rainwater, greywater, and hybrid rainwater-greywater systems in tropical climatic conditions
publisher Elsevier Ltd
publishDate 2023
_version_ 1806427507793068032
score 13.211869

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