Alternative energy systems and applications
Contents: Preface to the Second Edition xiii Preface to the First Edition xv About the Companion Website xvii 1 Energy Usage in the USA and the World 1 1.1 Energy and Power 1 1.2 Energy Usage and Standard of Living 1 1.3 A Historical Perspective of Energy Usage in the USA 4 1.4 US Energy Us...
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2020
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Alternative energy B. K. Hodge Alternative energy systems and applications |
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Contents:
Preface to the Second Edition xiii
Preface to the First Edition xv
About the Companion Website xvii
1 Energy Usage in the USA and the World 1
1.1 Energy and Power 1
1.2 Energy Usage and Standard of Living 1
1.3 A Historical Perspective of Energy Usage in the USA 4
1.4 US Energy Usage in 2014 7
1.5 Worldwide Energy Use 17
1.6 Efficiencies 19
1.7 Closure 21
References 21
2 Fundamentals of Turbomachinery 23
2.1 Definition of a Turbomachine 23
2.2 Turbomachine Classifications 23
2.3 Turbomachine Analysis 23
2.4 Example Problems 28
2.5 Closure 33
References 33
Further Reading 33
3 Hydropower 35
3.1 Introduction 35
3.2 Examples of Hydroelectric Dams 35
3.3 Hydraulic Analysis 39
3.4 Turbine Specific Speed Considerations 44
3.5 Energy Transfer in Turbines 48
3.6 Closure 57
Contents:
References 60
Further Reading 61
4 Wind Energy 63
4.1 Introduction 63
4.2 Fundamental Concepts 64
4.3 Wind Energy Resources 72
4.4 Wind Turbine Operation 78
4.5 Commercial Wind Turbine Examples 83
4.6 Growth in Wind Power Capacity 88
4.7 Closure 90
References 92
Further Reading 92
5 Combustion Turbines 93
5.1 Introduction 93
5.2 The Combustion Turbine 93
5.3 The Air-Standard Brayton Cycle 95
5.4 Actual Gas Turbine Cycle Analysis 96
5.5 Combustion Turbine Cycle Variations 104
5.6 Examples of Commercially Available Combustion Turbines 105
5.6.1 Solar Turbines 106
5.6.2 GE Energy 107
5.6.3 Capstone Turbines 110
5.6.4 Other Gas Turbine Suppliers 112
5.7 Closure 113
References 113
Further Reading 113
6 Solar Energy Fundamentals 115
6.1 Introduction 115
6.2 Radiation Heat
Contents: Transfer Review 115
6.3 Sun Path Description and Calculation 126
6.4 Sun Path Development Using Mathcad 131
6.5 The National Solar Energy Database 137
6.6 Closure 140
References 140
7 Active Solar Thermal Applications 143
7.1 Introduction 143
7.2 Flat-Plate Collector Fundamentals 148
7.3 Solar Collector and Weather Data 152
7.4 The f-Chart Method 159
7.5 Other Solar Thermal Systems 165
7.6 Closure 166
References 167
8 Passive Solar Energy 169
8.1 Fundamental Concepts of Passive Solar Energy 169
8.2 Quantifying Passive Solar Features 172
8.3 The First-Level Method (Rules of Thumb) 176
8.4 The Second-Level Method (the Load Collector Ratio Method) 177
8.5 Daylighting 178
8.6 Passive Solar Simulation Software 180
8.7 Closure 181
References 181
9 Photovoltaic Systems 183
9.1 Introduction 183
9.2
Contents: Photovoltaic Cell Fundamentals 183
9.3 Photovoltaic Components 190
9.4 Photovoltaic Systems 196
9.5 Growth in Photovoltaic Capacity 201
9.6 Closure 202
References 203
10 Fuel Cells 205
10.1 Introduction 205
10.2 Fuel Cell Fundamentals 205
10.3 Fuel Cell Thermodynamics Fundamentals 207
10.4 Fuel Cell Types 213
10.5 Fuel Cell Availability 220
10.6 Closure 223
References 223
11 Combined Heat and Power Systems 225
11.1 Introduction 225
11.2 Combined Heat and Power System Fundamentals 227
11.3 Combined Heat and Power System Economics and Operation 231
11.4 Economic Assessment of Combined Heat and Power Suitability 236
11.5 Thermal and Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Combined Heat and Power Metrics 240
11.6 Combined Heat and Power System Example 241
11.7 Closure 245
References 246
12 Biomass 249
12.1
Contents: Introduction 249
12.2 Biomass Availability 250
12.3 Biomass Fundamentals 253
12.4 Biomass Characteristics 255
12.5 Biomass-Based Fuels and Products 255
12.5.1 Ethanol 255
12.5.2 Methanol 261
12.5.3 Biodiesel/Vegetable Oil 261
12.5.4 Pyrolysis Liquids 263
12.5.5 Biogas 264
12.5.6 Producer Gas 265
12.5.7 Synthesis Gas 267
12.5.8 Biopower and Biofuels Statistics 270
12.6 Municipal Solid Waste 270
12.7 Closure 278
References 278
Further Reading 280
13 Geothermal Energy 281
13.1 Introduction 281
13.2 Geothermal Resources 281
13.3 Geothermal Energy Systems 286
13.3.1 Hydrothermal 286
13.3.2 Geopressurized 295
13.3.3 Magma 296
13.3.4 Enhanced Geothermal Systems 297
13.4 Geothermal Examples 297
13.5 Ground-Source Heat Pumps 300
13.6 Closure 304
References 305
Further Reading 306
Contents:
14 Ocean Energy 307
14.1 Introduction 307
14.2 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion 307
14.2.1 Open Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Systems 308
14.2.2 Closed Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Systems 312
14.2.3 Hybrid Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Systems 315
14.2.4 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion System Outputs 315
14.2.5 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Assessment 315
14.3 Tidal energy 319
14.4 Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy 324
14.4.1 Rotating devices 330
14.5 Closure 331
References 332
15 Nuclear Energy 333
15.1 Introduction 333
15.2 Fundamentals of Nuclear Energy 334
15.3 Nuclear Power 339
15.3.1 Chernobyl 348
15.3.2 Fukashima Daiichi 350
15.3.3 Nuclear Power in the Twenty-First Century 351
15.4 Fusion Power 354
15.5 Closure 359
References 359
16 Transportation and Hybrid and Electric Vehicles 361
Contents:
16.1 Transportation Energy Usage Alternatives to Internal Combustion Engines 361
16.2 Hybrid and Electric Vehicles 364
16.3 Hybrid and Electric Vehicles Past, Present, and Future 370
16.4 Closure 375
References 375
17 Hydraulic Fracturing, Oil, Natural Gas, and the New Reality 377
17.1 Introduction 377
17.2 Unconventional Oil and Gas 377
17.3 Reservoir Engineering Concepts 381
17.4 Oil and Gas Recovery from Tight Plays 386
17.5 The New Reality 392
17.6 Closure 399
References 399
Further Reading 400
Appendix A 401
Appendix B 415
Index 431 |
| format |
Book |
| author |
B. K. Hodge |
| author_facet |
B. K. Hodge |
| author_sort |
B. K. Hodge |
| title |
Alternative energy systems and applications |
| title_short |
Alternative energy systems and applications |
| title_full |
Alternative energy systems and applications |
| title_fullStr |
Alternative energy systems and applications |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Alternative energy systems and applications |
| title_sort |
alternative energy systems and applications |
| publisher |
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |
| publishDate |
2020 |
| url |
http://dspace.uniten.edu.my/jspui/handle/123456789/13384 |
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| spelling |
my.uniten.dspace-133842020-02-05T04:01:41Z Alternative energy systems and applications B. K. Hodge Alternative energy Contents: Preface to the Second Edition xiii Preface to the First Edition xv About the Companion Website xvii 1 Energy Usage in the USA and the World 1 1.1 Energy and Power 1 1.2 Energy Usage and Standard of Living 1 1.3 A Historical Perspective of Energy Usage in the USA 4 1.4 US Energy Usage in 2014 7 1.5 Worldwide Energy Use 17 1.6 Efficiencies 19 1.7 Closure 21 References 21 2 Fundamentals of Turbomachinery 23 2.1 Definition of a Turbomachine 23 2.2 Turbomachine Classifications 23 2.3 Turbomachine Analysis 23 2.4 Example Problems 28 2.5 Closure 33 References 33 Further Reading 33 3 Hydropower 35 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Examples of Hydroelectric Dams 35 3.3 Hydraulic Analysis 39 3.4 Turbine Specific Speed Considerations 44 3.5 Energy Transfer in Turbines 48 3.6 Closure 57 Contents: References 60 Further Reading 61 4 Wind Energy 63 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Fundamental Concepts 64 4.3 Wind Energy Resources 72 4.4 Wind Turbine Operation 78 4.5 Commercial Wind Turbine Examples 83 4.6 Growth in Wind Power Capacity 88 4.7 Closure 90 References 92 Further Reading 92 5 Combustion Turbines 93 5.1 Introduction 93 5.2 The Combustion Turbine 93 5.3 The Air-Standard Brayton Cycle 95 5.4 Actual Gas Turbine Cycle Analysis 96 5.5 Combustion Turbine Cycle Variations 104 5.6 Examples of Commercially Available Combustion Turbines 105 5.6.1 Solar Turbines 106 5.6.2 GE Energy 107 5.6.3 Capstone Turbines 110 5.6.4 Other Gas Turbine Suppliers 112 5.7 Closure 113 References 113 Further Reading 113 6 Solar Energy Fundamentals 115 6.1 Introduction 115 6.2 Radiation Heat Contents: Transfer Review 115 6.3 Sun Path Description and Calculation 126 6.4 Sun Path Development Using Mathcad 131 6.5 The National Solar Energy Database 137 6.6 Closure 140 References 140 7 Active Solar Thermal Applications 143 7.1 Introduction 143 7.2 Flat-Plate Collector Fundamentals 148 7.3 Solar Collector and Weather Data 152 7.4 The f-Chart Method 159 7.5 Other Solar Thermal Systems 165 7.6 Closure 166 References 167 8 Passive Solar Energy 169 8.1 Fundamental Concepts of Passive Solar Energy 169 8.2 Quantifying Passive Solar Features 172 8.3 The First-Level Method (Rules of Thumb) 176 8.4 The Second-Level Method (the Load Collector Ratio Method) 177 8.5 Daylighting 178 8.6 Passive Solar Simulation Software 180 8.7 Closure 181 References 181 9 Photovoltaic Systems 183 9.1 Introduction 183 9.2 Contents: Photovoltaic Cell Fundamentals 183 9.3 Photovoltaic Components 190 9.4 Photovoltaic Systems 196 9.5 Growth in Photovoltaic Capacity 201 9.6 Closure 202 References 203 10 Fuel Cells 205 10.1 Introduction 205 10.2 Fuel Cell Fundamentals 205 10.3 Fuel Cell Thermodynamics Fundamentals 207 10.4 Fuel Cell Types 213 10.5 Fuel Cell Availability 220 10.6 Closure 223 References 223 11 Combined Heat and Power Systems 225 11.1 Introduction 225 11.2 Combined Heat and Power System Fundamentals 227 11.3 Combined Heat and Power System Economics and Operation 231 11.4 Economic Assessment of Combined Heat and Power Suitability 236 11.5 Thermal and Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Combined Heat and Power Metrics 240 11.6 Combined Heat and Power System Example 241 11.7 Closure 245 References 246 12 Biomass 249 12.1 Contents: Introduction 249 12.2 Biomass Availability 250 12.3 Biomass Fundamentals 253 12.4 Biomass Characteristics 255 12.5 Biomass-Based Fuels and Products 255 12.5.1 Ethanol 255 12.5.2 Methanol 261 12.5.3 Biodiesel/Vegetable Oil 261 12.5.4 Pyrolysis Liquids 263 12.5.5 Biogas 264 12.5.6 Producer Gas 265 12.5.7 Synthesis Gas 267 12.5.8 Biopower and Biofuels Statistics 270 12.6 Municipal Solid Waste 270 12.7 Closure 278 References 278 Further Reading 280 13 Geothermal Energy 281 13.1 Introduction 281 13.2 Geothermal Resources 281 13.3 Geothermal Energy Systems 286 13.3.1 Hydrothermal 286 13.3.2 Geopressurized 295 13.3.3 Magma 296 13.3.4 Enhanced Geothermal Systems 297 13.4 Geothermal Examples 297 13.5 Ground-Source Heat Pumps 300 13.6 Closure 304 References 305 Further Reading 306 Contents: 14 Ocean Energy 307 14.1 Introduction 307 14.2 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion 307 14.2.1 Open Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Systems 308 14.2.2 Closed Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Systems 312 14.2.3 Hybrid Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Systems 315 14.2.4 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion System Outputs 315 14.2.5 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Assessment 315 14.3 Tidal energy 319 14.4 Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy 324 14.4.1 Rotating devices 330 14.5 Closure 331 References 332 15 Nuclear Energy 333 15.1 Introduction 333 15.2 Fundamentals of Nuclear Energy 334 15.3 Nuclear Power 339 15.3.1 Chernobyl 348 15.3.2 Fukashima Daiichi 350 15.3.3 Nuclear Power in the Twenty-First Century 351 15.4 Fusion Power 354 15.5 Closure 359 References 359 16 Transportation and Hybrid and Electric Vehicles 361 Contents: 16.1 Transportation Energy Usage Alternatives to Internal Combustion Engines 361 16.2 Hybrid and Electric Vehicles 364 16.3 Hybrid and Electric Vehicles Past, Present, and Future 370 16.4 Closure 375 References 375 17 Hydraulic Fracturing, Oil, Natural Gas, and the New Reality 377 17.1 Introduction 377 17.2 Unconventional Oil and Gas 377 17.3 Reservoir Engineering Concepts 381 17.4 Oil and Gas Recovery from Tight Plays 386 17.5 The New Reality 392 17.6 Closure 399 References 399 Further Reading 400 Appendix A 401 Appendix B 415 Index 431 Since the firsteditionwas written(2007–2009), many changes in the energy posture of the USA as well as the rest of the world have taken place. The second edition has been significantly influenced by these changes. Two chapters have been added: one addressing electric and hybrid vehicles (Chapter 16) and one examining enhanced oil and gas recovery (via hydraulic fracturing) and its ramifications (Chapter 17). All of the chapters have been revised and modernized and have had, in many instances, substantial additions.When possible, quantitative information has been updated to the current data available. These data include documented energy usages, energy resource/usages projections, and energy systems’ and components’ performance metrics and availability. The number of web sites cited in the second edition is substantially greater than in the firstedition.AllcitedwebsiteswereactiveasofDecember2016. However, web sites are updated (and renamed) frequently, but using a search engine with a reasonably complete descriptor will usually redirect to an appropriate site. Since the firstedition, useful quantitative information in many company and government agency web sites has been reduced in favor of more words, pictures and illustrations. If sufficient quantitative information is not available on a company/agency web site, queries to that company/agency will often result in securing such metrics. The theme of the first edition, namely alternative energy sources and the alternative use of existing energy sources, has been continued in the second. Chapter 16, Transportation and Hybrid and Electric Vehicles, was added because electric and hybrid vehicles offer alternatives and efficiency enhancements to conventional internal combustion engine powered vehicles. Chapter 17, Hydraulic Fracturing, Oil, Natural Gas, and the New Reality, was added because enhanced oil and gas recovery has dramatically shifted the energy posture/outlook of many countries. Every topic has been impacted by advances in technology and changes in emphasis. Examples include consideration of new installed hydroelectric capacity, significant increase in wind energy installed capacity, backlog for combustion turbine orders, growth in solar thermal usage, recognition of passive solar advantages, decreasing photovoltaic cell cost per kilowatt enhancing economic attractiveness, advances in fuel cell commercialization, combined heat and power industrial/commercial market penetration, biofuels focus areas diversity, geothermal energy successes and advances, ocean energy potential recognition, renewed interest in nuclear power, hybrid/electric vehicle sales up, and hydraulic fracturing impacts. Since the first edition, the energy concerns of the USA have to some extent diminished, but technically, politically, environmentally, and economically, energy issues, including climate change, have become more divisive. Indeed, in the year 2000 few predicted that the USA would dramatically reduce its energy imports and, perhaps, even become an energy exporting nation. Enhanced oil and gas recovery has resulted in unexpected increases in domestic fossil fuel production and in the proved reserves of both crude oil and natural gas. However, even if enhanced oil and gas recovery were to provide, in the short term, acceptable energy resources for the USA and the rest of the world, other considerations (greenhouse gas emissions, xiv Preface to the Second Edition environmental effects, climate change, long-term availability, for example) require that alternative energy sources and alternative uses of existing resources be a part of meeting future energy requirements. Hence, the topics of this textbook are very germane for the future. The identification of additional fossil fuel resources has essentially provided more time to discover, implement, and develop other, more sustainable and more environmentally-friendly energy resources. 2020-02-05T04:01:40Z 2020-02-05T04:01:40Z 2017 Book http://dspace.uniten.edu.my/jspui/handle/123456789/13384 en John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |
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13.211869 |