Parental affordability and willingness to pay for universal masking amongst government school students in Kuching, Sarawak
Introduction: Financial affordability to purchase commodities for disease prevention is an important public health issue. The objective of this paper is to report the financial affordability and willingness to pay amongst the parents of government students for their children’s nonmedical mask us...
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Malaysian Medical Association
2023
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my.unimas.ir.436182024-04-04T03:16:02Z http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/43618/ Parental affordability and willingness to pay for universal masking amongst government school students in Kuching, Sarawak Anselm Ting, Su Kuan, Jew Win Musdi, Shanat Baderin, Osman Haalah, Mahmud RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine Introduction: Financial affordability to purchase commodities for disease prevention is an important public health issue. The objective of this paper is to report the financial affordability and willingness to pay amongst the parents of government students for their children’s nonmedical mask use, using a newly created Household Face Mask Affordability Questionnaire (MAQ). Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving the parents or guardians of 50.6% (44/87) government schools in the whole of Kuching Division of Sarawak. The sampling method was multistage cluster sampling, whereby stage one involved random sampling of 49.2% (30/61) primary schools and 53.8% (14/46) secondary schools in the Kuching Division, followed by stage two cluster sampling of one class per non-examination standard in each randomly sampled school. All students in the sampled classes were asked to bring a face-validated questionnaire (MAQ) back home to be answered by one of their parents or a guardian. A total of 2559 out of 3661 distributed questionnaires were collected, with a response rate of 70%. The data collection period was between April and June of 2022 so as the recall bias of the information collected, especially on the actual spending on the face masks for the school going students, was minimised. The relevant summary statistics for self-perceived face masks characteristics, face mask expenses, affordability and willingness to pay were calculated. We regress separately the monthly affordability and willingness to pay amount against age, occupation, marital status, total number of children, monthly income and monthly saving to build predictive models for affordability and willingness to pay amount per child per month. Results: The average Scale-level Face Validity Indexes for all aspects of validity (clarity, comprehension, relevancy, representativeness) are high (0.91 to 1.00) for MAQ. Most of the respondents were mothers, married, working as private employees with a mean age of 41 and belonged to the B40 and M40 group. The average monthly saving per family was RM540, which was about 15% of the total income. The average actual monthly spending to purchase face masks for one child is RM24. On average, a family can afford to pay RM23.80 for one child per month to purchase face masks. The willingness to pay for the same was RM25.27. The median affordability, willingness to pay and actual spending for face masks per child was RM16.67 per month. Taking 75th percentile as the reasonable maximum expenses per child for face masks per month, the affordable amount by most parents is RM30, with the willingness to pay at 10% higher. Affordability to purchase a face mask is influenced by the marital status, occupation, income, saving and the number of dependent of the breadwinner of a household. The most important face mask characteristics expected by the parents are better filtration efficiency and easier breathability. Conclusion: The affordability and willingness to pay the amount to purchase face masks amongst parents of government students in Sarawak were RM30 and RM33 per child per month, respectively. Malaysian Medical Association 2023-09 Article PeerReviewed text en http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/43618/3/Parental.pdf Anselm Ting, Su and Kuan, Jew Win and Musdi, Shanat and Baderin, Osman and Haalah, Mahmud (2023) Parental affordability and willingness to pay for universal masking amongst government school students in Kuching, Sarawak. Medical Journal of Malaysia, 78 (5). pp. 621-626. ISSN 0300-5283 https://www.e-mjm.org/ |
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RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine |
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RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine Anselm Ting, Su Kuan, Jew Win Musdi, Shanat Baderin, Osman Haalah, Mahmud Parental affordability and willingness to pay for universal masking amongst government school students in Kuching, Sarawak |
| description |
Introduction: Financial affordability to purchase
commodities for disease prevention is an important public
health issue. The objective of this paper is to report the
financial affordability and willingness to pay amongst the
parents of government students for their children’s nonmedical mask use, using a newly created Household Face
Mask Affordability Questionnaire (MAQ).
Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study
involving the parents or guardians of 50.6% (44/87)
government schools in the whole of Kuching Division of
Sarawak. The sampling method was multistage cluster
sampling, whereby stage one involved random sampling of
49.2% (30/61) primary schools and 53.8% (14/46) secondary
schools in the Kuching Division, followed by stage two
cluster sampling of one class per non-examination standard
in each randomly sampled school. All students in the
sampled classes were asked to bring a face-validated
questionnaire (MAQ) back home to be answered by one of
their parents or a guardian. A total of 2559 out of 3661
distributed questionnaires were collected, with a response
rate of 70%. The data collection period was between April
and June of 2022 so as the recall bias of the information
collected, especially on the actual spending on the face
masks for the school going students, was minimised. The
relevant summary statistics for self-perceived face masks
characteristics, face mask expenses, affordability and
willingness to pay were calculated. We regress separately
the monthly affordability and willingness to pay amount
against age, occupation, marital status, total number of
children, monthly income and monthly saving to build
predictive models for affordability and willingness to pay
amount per child per month.
Results: The average Scale-level Face Validity Indexes for all aspects of validity (clarity, comprehension, relevancy,
representativeness) are high (0.91 to 1.00) for MAQ. Most of
the respondents were mothers, married, working as private
employees with a mean age of 41 and belonged to the B40
and M40 group. The average monthly saving per family was
RM540, which was about 15% of the total income. The
average actual monthly spending to purchase face masks
for one child is RM24. On average, a family can afford to pay RM23.80 for one child per month to purchase face masks.
The willingness to pay for the same was RM25.27. The
median affordability, willingness to pay and actual spending
for face masks per child was RM16.67 per month. Taking
75th percentile as the reasonable maximum expenses per
child for face masks per month, the affordable amount by
most parents is RM30, with the willingness to pay at 10%
higher. Affordability to purchase a face mask is influenced
by the marital status, occupation, income, saving and the
number of dependent of the breadwinner of a household.
The most important face mask characteristics expected by
the parents are better filtration efficiency and easier
breathability.
Conclusion: The affordability and willingness to pay the
amount to purchase face masks amongst parents of
government students in Sarawak were RM30 and RM33 per
child per month, respectively. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Anselm Ting, Su Kuan, Jew Win Musdi, Shanat Baderin, Osman Haalah, Mahmud |
| author_facet |
Anselm Ting, Su Kuan, Jew Win Musdi, Shanat Baderin, Osman Haalah, Mahmud |
| author_sort |
Anselm Ting, Su |
| title |
Parental affordability and willingness to pay for universal
masking amongst government school students in Kuching,
Sarawak |
| title_short |
Parental affordability and willingness to pay for universal
masking amongst government school students in Kuching,
Sarawak |
| title_full |
Parental affordability and willingness to pay for universal
masking amongst government school students in Kuching,
Sarawak |
| title_fullStr |
Parental affordability and willingness to pay for universal
masking amongst government school students in Kuching,
Sarawak |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Parental affordability and willingness to pay for universal
masking amongst government school students in Kuching,
Sarawak |
| title_sort |
parental affordability and willingness to pay for universal
masking amongst government school students in kuching,
sarawak |
| publisher |
Malaysian Medical Association |
| publishDate |
2023 |
| url |
http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/43618/3/Parental.pdf http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/43618/ https://www.e-mjm.org/ |
| _version_ |
1797543485145874432 |
| score |
13.211869 |