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Water Quality Analysis and The Occurrence of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (ARB) From Satow Waterfall in Bau, Malaysian Borneo

Water quality monitoring of a particular river is crucially important to determine if the river water meets the requirement for its designated uses. Therefore, an assessment of the physiochemical water quality at Satow Waterfall, Sarawak, and the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) was...

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Main Authors: Khairunnisa, Mohammad Hamdi, Samuel, Lihan, Stanley, Sait, Scholastica, Ramih, Nur Azzah, Osman, Nur Nazifah, Mohamad, Tay, Meng Guan, Fazia, Mohamad Sinang, Hashimatul Fatma, Hashim
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: The Malaysian Society of Applied Biology 2023
Subjects:
QR Microbiology
Online Access:http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/42153/3/Water%20Quality%20-%20Copy.pdf
http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/42153/
https://jms.mabjournal.com/index.php/mab/article/view/2520
https://doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v52i2.2520
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spelling my.unimas.ir.421532023-07-07T00:23:02Z http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/42153/ Water Quality Analysis and The Occurrence of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (ARB) From Satow Waterfall in Bau, Malaysian Borneo Khairunnisa, Mohammad Hamdi Samuel, Lihan Stanley, Sait Scholastica, Ramih Nur Azzah, Osman Nur Nazifah, Mohamad Tay, Meng Guan Fazia, Mohamad Sinang Hashimatul Fatma, Hashim QR Microbiology Water quality monitoring of a particular river is crucially important to determine if the river water meets the requirement for its designated uses. Therefore, an assessment of the physiochemical water quality at Satow Waterfall, Sarawak, and the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) was conducted to corroborate the safety of the water from the waterfall. A total of 42 water samples were collected at the subsurface water of the upstream, midstream, and downstream on two sampling trips in June 2021 (dry season) and December 2021 (wet season), with six months intervals. The water quality index (WQI) of the sampling stations ranged from 92.60 to 95, classifying the water under Class I. However, the water is microbiologically polluted, with the highest coliform count of 2.59 × 105 CFU/mL recorded at the middle stream during the wet season, which has surpassed the regulatory standard set by the Malaysian Department of Environment (DOE). A total of 54 bacterial isolates were chosen as representatives and identified by 16S rRNA sequencing, which confirmed the existence of 21 bacterial genera. All identified isolates were tested against 15 antibiotics of various classes employing the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) protocols. The antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) demonstrated substantial resistance to sulfamethoxazole (48%) and erythromycin (48%), as well as high susceptibility to chloramphenicol (84%), levofloxacin (60%) and ofloxacin (60%). The Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index (MARI) evaluations demonstrated the MARI varied from 0-0.60, with 33% of the isolates having a MARI greater than 0.2. In this study, the occurrence of ARB in a water environment where there is an undisclosed source of antibiotic utilization is still inevitable, highlighting the necessity to constantly monitor the water quality and the pervasiveness of ARB in recreational water. The Malaysian Society of Applied Biology 2023-07 Article PeerReviewed text en http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/42153/3/Water%20Quality%20-%20Copy.pdf Khairunnisa, Mohammad Hamdi and Samuel, Lihan and Stanley, Sait and Scholastica, Ramih and Nur Azzah, Osman and Nur Nazifah, Mohamad and Tay, Meng Guan and Fazia, Mohamad Sinang and Hashimatul Fatma, Hashim (2023) Water Quality Analysis and The Occurrence of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (ARB) From Satow Waterfall in Bau, Malaysian Borneo. Malaysian Applied Biology, 52 (2). pp. 1-11. ISSN 2462-151X https://jms.mabjournal.com/index.php/mab/article/view/2520 https://doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v52i2.2520
institution Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
building Centre for Academic Information Services (CAIS)
collection Institutional Repository
continent Asia
country Malaysia
content_provider Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
content_source UNIMAS Institutional Repository
url_provider http://ir.unimas.my/
language English
topic QR Microbiology
spellingShingle QR Microbiology
Khairunnisa, Mohammad Hamdi
Samuel, Lihan
Stanley, Sait
Scholastica, Ramih
Nur Azzah, Osman
Nur Nazifah, Mohamad
Tay, Meng Guan
Fazia, Mohamad Sinang
Hashimatul Fatma, Hashim
Water Quality Analysis and The Occurrence of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (ARB) From Satow Waterfall in Bau, Malaysian Borneo
description Water quality monitoring of a particular river is crucially important to determine if the river water meets the requirement for its designated uses. Therefore, an assessment of the physiochemical water quality at Satow Waterfall, Sarawak, and the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) was conducted to corroborate the safety of the water from the waterfall. A total of 42 water samples were collected at the subsurface water of the upstream, midstream, and downstream on two sampling trips in June 2021 (dry season) and December 2021 (wet season), with six months intervals. The water quality index (WQI) of the sampling stations ranged from 92.60 to 95, classifying the water under Class I. However, the water is microbiologically polluted, with the highest coliform count of 2.59 × 105 CFU/mL recorded at the middle stream during the wet season, which has surpassed the regulatory standard set by the Malaysian Department of Environment (DOE). A total of 54 bacterial isolates were chosen as representatives and identified by 16S rRNA sequencing, which confirmed the existence of 21 bacterial genera. All identified isolates were tested against 15 antibiotics of various classes employing the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) protocols. The antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) demonstrated substantial resistance to sulfamethoxazole (48%) and erythromycin (48%), as well as high susceptibility to chloramphenicol (84%), levofloxacin (60%) and ofloxacin (60%). The Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index (MARI) evaluations demonstrated the MARI varied from 0-0.60, with 33% of the isolates having a MARI greater than 0.2. In this study, the occurrence of ARB in a water environment where there is an undisclosed source of antibiotic utilization is still inevitable, highlighting the necessity to constantly monitor the water quality and the pervasiveness of ARB in recreational water.
format Article
author Khairunnisa, Mohammad Hamdi
Samuel, Lihan
Stanley, Sait
Scholastica, Ramih
Nur Azzah, Osman
Nur Nazifah, Mohamad
Tay, Meng Guan
Fazia, Mohamad Sinang
Hashimatul Fatma, Hashim
author_facet Khairunnisa, Mohammad Hamdi
Samuel, Lihan
Stanley, Sait
Scholastica, Ramih
Nur Azzah, Osman
Nur Nazifah, Mohamad
Tay, Meng Guan
Fazia, Mohamad Sinang
Hashimatul Fatma, Hashim
author_sort Khairunnisa, Mohammad Hamdi
title Water Quality Analysis and The Occurrence of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (ARB) From Satow Waterfall in Bau, Malaysian Borneo
title_short Water Quality Analysis and The Occurrence of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (ARB) From Satow Waterfall in Bau, Malaysian Borneo
title_full Water Quality Analysis and The Occurrence of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (ARB) From Satow Waterfall in Bau, Malaysian Borneo
title_fullStr Water Quality Analysis and The Occurrence of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (ARB) From Satow Waterfall in Bau, Malaysian Borneo
title_full_unstemmed Water Quality Analysis and The Occurrence of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (ARB) From Satow Waterfall in Bau, Malaysian Borneo
title_sort water quality analysis and the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (arb) from satow waterfall in bau, malaysian borneo
publisher The Malaysian Society of Applied Biology
publishDate 2023
url http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/42153/3/Water%20Quality%20-%20Copy.pdf
http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/42153/
https://jms.mabjournal.com/index.php/mab/article/view/2520
https://doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v52i2.2520
_version_ 1772816298621796352
score 13.211869

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