Bioactivities, Phytochemicals and Pharmacophore Analysis of Nipa Palm (Nypa fruticans Wurmb) Sugar Extracts
Nipa palm (Nypa fruticans Wurmb) sugar is used as a sweetener for local people especially in Sarawak. It was processed by using nipa palm sap as a raw material as it was cooked for several hours until it became brown syrup. Nipa palm sugar or widely known as gula apong. Nipa palm (N. fruticans Wu...
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS)
2021
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/35213/4/pswd.pdf http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/35213/ |
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| Summary: | Nipa palm (Nypa fruticans Wurmb) sugar is used as a sweetener for local people especially
in Sarawak. It was processed by using nipa palm sap as a raw material as it was cooked for
several hours until it became brown syrup. Nipa palm sugar or widely known as gula apong.
Nipa palm (N. fruticans Wurmb) sugar was extracted by using different solvents which were
methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH), water (H2O), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and hexane (Hex).
All of the extracts were used to determine the moisture content, ash content, pH of the nipa
palm sugar. Phytochemical screening was conducted in order to know the presence of the
active compounds in the extracts. MeOH, EtOH and H2O extracts were tested positive for
the presence of saponins, tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, reducing
sugar and non-reducing sugar. The antioxidant activity of extracts was evaluated by using
2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and the results
showed that nipa palm sugar extracts possessed antioxidant properties which were EtOH
(IC50 = 200.6 μg/mL), MeOH (IC50 = 208.3 μg/mL), H2O (IC50 = 569.8 μg/mL), EtOAc
(IC50 = 1336.0 μg/mL) and Hex (IC50 = 4917.0 μg/mL). Alpha-amylase inhibition assay was
performed by comparing with the acarbose and the results for the extracts were EtOH (IC50
= 109.40 μg/mL), MeOH (IC50 = 124.20 μg/mL) and H2O (IC50 = 545.10 μg/mL). The
antioxidant activity and alpha-amylase inhibition assay resulted that EtOH extract showed
high inhibition for both assay. All of the extracts showed the low toxicity level against the
brine shrimp (Artemia salina). The LigandScout 4.3 software based on Computer-Aided
Drug Design (CADD) was used to identify the value of the nipa palm sugar in the
pharmaceutical industry. Based on the ligand-based pharmacophore analysis, arginine
showed the highest fit-value compared to other chemical constituents in nipa palm sugar,
which is 89.42, with the interactions of 4 HBA, 4 HBD and 1 PI. Structure-based
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pharmacophore modelling was generated based on a 3D crystal structure of human
pancreatic alpha-amylase which had been retrieved from Protein Data Bank (PDB code:
1B2Y) and resulted that arginine compound of nipa palm sugar had the highest score for
alignment score compared to other test sets which is 106.41 and it possessed two types of
interactions which were HBA (ARG195A and HOH930A) and HBD (ASP300A, GLY233A,
HIS299A and HOH610A). Thus, it was concluded that nipa palm sugar compounds showed
that its compounds possess a great potential for inhibiting alpha-amylase. |
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