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Synthesis and Characterization of Azo-Based Cyclotriphosphazene Compounds: Liquid Crystalline and Dielectric Properties

The study examined the chemical structure of azo-based liquid crystalline compounds that were altered to form a branch of cyclotriphosphazene. Moreover, the research explored the interplay between their mesomorphic and dielectric properties. The structures of the compounds were defined by Fourier tr...

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Main Authors: Samerah Habil, Zuhair Jamain, Mohamad Zul Hilmey Makmud
Format: Article
Language:English
English
Published: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) 2024
Subjects:
Q1-390 Science (General)
TP1-1185 Chemical technology
Online Access:https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/40751/1/ABSTRACT.pdf
https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/40751/2/FULL%20TEXT.pdf
https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/40751/
https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8040071
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spelling my.ums.eprints.407512024-08-21T08:36:41Z https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/40751/ Synthesis and Characterization of Azo-Based Cyclotriphosphazene Compounds: Liquid Crystalline and Dielectric Properties Samerah Habil Zuhair Jamain Mohamad Zul Hilmey Makmud Q1-390 Science (General) TP1-1185 Chemical technology The study examined the chemical structure of azo-based liquid crystalline compounds that were altered to form a branch of cyclotriphosphazene. Moreover, the research explored the interplay between their mesomorphic and dielectric properties. The structures of the compounds were defined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and CHN elemental analysis. Only intermediates 2a–e and cyclotriphosphazene compounds 4d–e were mesogenic with smectic A (SmA) and smectic C (SmC) phases, respectively. Intermediate 2d and compound 4d were used as representative samples to determine the type of liquid crystal, which was confirmed through X-ray diffraction (XRD). The calculated d/L ratios for both compounds were 1.69 and 0.76, respectively, indicating that d was approximately equal to L (d ≈ L ≈ 1). This finding suggests that the SmA and SmC phases observed under polarized optical microscope (POM) are arranged in a monolayer. For the dielectric study, only compounds 2d–e and 4d–e were proceeded and compared for dielectric characteristics testing. The dielectric constants and dielectric loss factors of these four compounds were measured over the frequency range of 100 Hz to 0.1 MHz at room temperature. The dielectric constant trend decreased with the increasing frequency. Meanwhile, the dielectric loss showed two types of trends. The first trend was identical to the dielectric constant trend, in which the dielectric loss decreased as the frequency increased. However, in the second trend, the dielectric loss began to rise with the increase in frequency and then began to fall gradually after reaching a certain peak. Meanwhile, compounds 4d and 4e had low dielectric constants and losses due to the effect of hexasubstituted cyclotriphosphazene that had been attached as a core. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) 2024 Article NonPeerReviewed text en https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/40751/1/ABSTRACT.pdf text en https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/40751/2/FULL%20TEXT.pdf Samerah Habil and Zuhair Jamain and Mohamad Zul Hilmey Makmud (2024) Synthesis and Characterization of Azo-Based Cyclotriphosphazene Compounds: Liquid Crystalline and Dielectric Properties. ChemEngineering, 8 (71). pp. 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8040071
institution Universiti Malaysia Sabah
building UMS Library
collection Institutional Repository
continent Asia
country Malaysia
content_provider Universiti Malaysia Sabah
content_source UMS Institutional Repository
url_provider http://eprints.ums.edu.my/
language English
English
topic Q1-390 Science (General)
TP1-1185 Chemical technology
spellingShingle Q1-390 Science (General)
TP1-1185 Chemical technology
Samerah Habil
Zuhair Jamain
Mohamad Zul Hilmey Makmud
Synthesis and Characterization of Azo-Based Cyclotriphosphazene Compounds: Liquid Crystalline and Dielectric Properties
description The study examined the chemical structure of azo-based liquid crystalline compounds that were altered to form a branch of cyclotriphosphazene. Moreover, the research explored the interplay between their mesomorphic and dielectric properties. The structures of the compounds were defined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and CHN elemental analysis. Only intermediates 2a–e and cyclotriphosphazene compounds 4d–e were mesogenic with smectic A (SmA) and smectic C (SmC) phases, respectively. Intermediate 2d and compound 4d were used as representative samples to determine the type of liquid crystal, which was confirmed through X-ray diffraction (XRD). The calculated d/L ratios for both compounds were 1.69 and 0.76, respectively, indicating that d was approximately equal to L (d ≈ L ≈ 1). This finding suggests that the SmA and SmC phases observed under polarized optical microscope (POM) are arranged in a monolayer. For the dielectric study, only compounds 2d–e and 4d–e were proceeded and compared for dielectric characteristics testing. The dielectric constants and dielectric loss factors of these four compounds were measured over the frequency range of 100 Hz to 0.1 MHz at room temperature. The dielectric constant trend decreased with the increasing frequency. Meanwhile, the dielectric loss showed two types of trends. The first trend was identical to the dielectric constant trend, in which the dielectric loss decreased as the frequency increased. However, in the second trend, the dielectric loss began to rise with the increase in frequency and then began to fall gradually after reaching a certain peak. Meanwhile, compounds 4d and 4e had low dielectric constants and losses due to the effect of hexasubstituted cyclotriphosphazene that had been attached as a core.
format Article
author Samerah Habil
Zuhair Jamain
Mohamad Zul Hilmey Makmud
author_facet Samerah Habil
Zuhair Jamain
Mohamad Zul Hilmey Makmud
author_sort Samerah Habil
title Synthesis and Characterization of Azo-Based Cyclotriphosphazene Compounds: Liquid Crystalline and Dielectric Properties
title_short Synthesis and Characterization of Azo-Based Cyclotriphosphazene Compounds: Liquid Crystalline and Dielectric Properties
title_full Synthesis and Characterization of Azo-Based Cyclotriphosphazene Compounds: Liquid Crystalline and Dielectric Properties
title_fullStr Synthesis and Characterization of Azo-Based Cyclotriphosphazene Compounds: Liquid Crystalline and Dielectric Properties
title_full_unstemmed Synthesis and Characterization of Azo-Based Cyclotriphosphazene Compounds: Liquid Crystalline and Dielectric Properties
title_sort synthesis and characterization of azo-based cyclotriphosphazene compounds: liquid crystalline and dielectric properties
publisher Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
publishDate 2024
url https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/40751/1/ABSTRACT.pdf
https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/40751/2/FULL%20TEXT.pdf
https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/40751/
https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering8040071
_version_ 1809140089278693376
score 13.211869

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