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Sustainable oil palm resource assessment based on an enhanced deep learning method

Knowledge of the number and distribution of oil palm trees during the crop cycle is vital for sustainable management and predicting yields. The accuracy of the conventional image processing method is limited for the hand-crafted feature extraction method and the overfitting problem occurs due to the...

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Main Authors: Liu, Xinni, Kamarul Hawari, Ghazali, Shah, Akeel A.
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI 2022
Subjects:
T Technology (General)
TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)
TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering
Online Access:http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/42659/1/Sustainable%20oil%20palm%20resource%20assessment%20based%20on%20an%20enhanced%20deep%20learning%20method.pdf
http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/42659/
https://doi.org/10.3390/en15124479
https://doi.org/10.3390/en15124479
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spelling my.ump.umpir.426592025-01-07T03:47:03Z http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/42659/ Sustainable oil palm resource assessment based on an enhanced deep learning method Liu, Xinni Kamarul Hawari, Ghazali Shah, Akeel A. T Technology (General) TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering Knowledge of the number and distribution of oil palm trees during the crop cycle is vital for sustainable management and predicting yields. The accuracy of the conventional image processing method is limited for the hand-crafted feature extraction method and the overfitting problem occurs due to the insufficient dataset. We propose a modification of the Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (FRCNN) for palm tree detection to reduce the overfitting problem and improve the detection accuracy. The enhanced FRCNN (EFRCNN) leads to improved performance for detecting objects (in the same image) when they are of multiple sizes by using a feature concatenation method. Transfer learning based on a ResNet50 model is used to extract the features of the input image. High-resolution images of oil palm trees from a drone are used to form the data set, containing mature, young, and mixed oil palm tree regions. We train and test the EFRCNN, the FRCNN, a CNN used recently for oil palm image detection, and two standard methods, namely, the support vector machine (SVM) and template matching (TM). The results reveal an overall accuracy of ≥96.8% for the EFRCNN on the three test sets. The accuracy is higher than the CNN and FRCNN and substantially higher than SVM and TM. For large-scale plantations, the accuracy improvement is significant. This research provides a method for automatically counting the oil palm trees in large-scale plantations. MDPI 2022-06-02 Article PeerReviewed pdf en cc_by_4 http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/42659/1/Sustainable%20oil%20palm%20resource%20assessment%20based%20on%20an%20enhanced%20deep%20learning%20method.pdf Liu, Xinni and Kamarul Hawari, Ghazali and Shah, Akeel A. (2022) Sustainable oil palm resource assessment based on an enhanced deep learning method. Energies, 15 (4479). pp. 1-14. ISSN 1996-1073. (Published) https://doi.org/10.3390/en15124479 https://doi.org/10.3390/en15124479
institution Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah
building UMPSA Library
collection Institutional Repository
continent Asia
country Malaysia
content_provider Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah
content_source UMPSA Institutional Repository
url_provider http://umpir.ump.edu.my/
language English
topic T Technology (General)
TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)
TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering
spellingShingle T Technology (General)
TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)
TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering
Liu, Xinni
Kamarul Hawari, Ghazali
Shah, Akeel A.
Sustainable oil palm resource assessment based on an enhanced deep learning method
description Knowledge of the number and distribution of oil palm trees during the crop cycle is vital for sustainable management and predicting yields. The accuracy of the conventional image processing method is limited for the hand-crafted feature extraction method and the overfitting problem occurs due to the insufficient dataset. We propose a modification of the Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (FRCNN) for palm tree detection to reduce the overfitting problem and improve the detection accuracy. The enhanced FRCNN (EFRCNN) leads to improved performance for detecting objects (in the same image) when they are of multiple sizes by using a feature concatenation method. Transfer learning based on a ResNet50 model is used to extract the features of the input image. High-resolution images of oil palm trees from a drone are used to form the data set, containing mature, young, and mixed oil palm tree regions. We train and test the EFRCNN, the FRCNN, a CNN used recently for oil palm image detection, and two standard methods, namely, the support vector machine (SVM) and template matching (TM). The results reveal an overall accuracy of ≥96.8% for the EFRCNN on the three test sets. The accuracy is higher than the CNN and FRCNN and substantially higher than SVM and TM. For large-scale plantations, the accuracy improvement is significant. This research provides a method for automatically counting the oil palm trees in large-scale plantations.
format Article
author Liu, Xinni
Kamarul Hawari, Ghazali
Shah, Akeel A.
author_facet Liu, Xinni
Kamarul Hawari, Ghazali
Shah, Akeel A.
author_sort Liu, Xinni
title Sustainable oil palm resource assessment based on an enhanced deep learning method
title_short Sustainable oil palm resource assessment based on an enhanced deep learning method
title_full Sustainable oil palm resource assessment based on an enhanced deep learning method
title_fullStr Sustainable oil palm resource assessment based on an enhanced deep learning method
title_full_unstemmed Sustainable oil palm resource assessment based on an enhanced deep learning method
title_sort sustainable oil palm resource assessment based on an enhanced deep learning method
publisher MDPI
publishDate 2022
url http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/42659/1/Sustainable%20oil%20palm%20resource%20assessment%20based%20on%20an%20enhanced%20deep%20learning%20method.pdf
http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/42659/
https://doi.org/10.3390/en15124479
https://doi.org/10.3390/en15124479
_version_ 1822924875935776768
score 13.232414

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