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TCBR and TCBD: Evaluation metrics for tamper coincidence problem in fragile image watermarking

This paper proposed two evaluation metrics of the tamper coincidence in a block map design for image watermarking. These evaluation metrics are called Tamper Coincidence Block Ratio (TCBR) and Tamper Coincidence Block Density (TCBD). A tamper coincidence occurred in image authentication and self-rec...

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Main Authors: Afrig, Aminuddin, Ferda, Ernawan, Eh Phon, Danakorn Nincarean, Agit, Amrullah, Dhani, Ariatmanto
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier Ltd 2024
Subjects:
QA75 Electronic computers. Computer science
QA76 Computer software
Online Access:http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/42289/1/TCBR%20and%20TCBD_Evaluation%20metrics%20for%20tamper%20coincidence%20problem.pdf
http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/42289/
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2024.101790
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2024.101790
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spelling my.ump.umpir.422892024-08-09T07:19:07Z http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/42289/ TCBR and TCBD: Evaluation metrics for tamper coincidence problem in fragile image watermarking Afrig, Aminuddin Ferda, Ernawan Eh Phon, Danakorn Nincarean Agit, Amrullah Dhani, Ariatmanto QA75 Electronic computers. Computer science QA76 Computer software This paper proposed two evaluation metrics of the tamper coincidence in a block map design for image watermarking. These evaluation metrics are called Tamper Coincidence Block Ratio (TCBR) and Tamper Coincidence Block Density (TCBD). A tamper coincidence occurred in image authentication and self-recovery when the recovery data and the original block location were tampered with simultaneously. A high tamper coincidence limits image inpainting’s capability to recover the region, leading to an imprecise recovered image. The ratio and density of the tamper coincidence may significantly affect the final recovered image quality. Previously, researchers mentioned the tamper coincidence in their experiment but did not evaluate it with any metrics. They evaluated the robustness of their technique based on the final recovered image quality using the Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM). Tamper coincidences are primarily affected by the block map design implemented by the researcher. Thus, TCBR and TCBD provide valuable insight into the block map design’s effectiveness in preventing tamper coincidence. The experimental result shows that the TCBR and TCBD values are inversely proportional to the recovered image quality. A high TCBR and TCBD value leads to low recovered image quality. Therefore, this paper will help the researchers design an effective block map by minimizing the TCBR and TCBD values to obtain the highest recovered image quality. Elsevier Ltd 2024-08 Article PeerReviewed pdf en cc_by_nc_nd_4 http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/42289/1/TCBR%20and%20TCBD_Evaluation%20metrics%20for%20tamper%20coincidence%20problem.pdf Afrig, Aminuddin and Ferda, Ernawan and Eh Phon, Danakorn Nincarean and Agit, Amrullah and Dhani, Ariatmanto (2024) TCBR and TCBD: Evaluation metrics for tamper coincidence problem in fragile image watermarking. International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 56 (101790). pp. 1-12. ISSN 2215-0986. (Published) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2024.101790 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2024.101790
institution Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah
building UMPSA Library
collection Institutional Repository
continent Asia
country Malaysia
content_provider Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah
content_source UMPSA Institutional Repository
url_provider http://umpir.ump.edu.my/
language English
topic QA75 Electronic computers. Computer science
QA76 Computer software
spellingShingle QA75 Electronic computers. Computer science
QA76 Computer software
Afrig, Aminuddin
Ferda, Ernawan
Eh Phon, Danakorn Nincarean
Agit, Amrullah
Dhani, Ariatmanto
TCBR and TCBD: Evaluation metrics for tamper coincidence problem in fragile image watermarking
description This paper proposed two evaluation metrics of the tamper coincidence in a block map design for image watermarking. These evaluation metrics are called Tamper Coincidence Block Ratio (TCBR) and Tamper Coincidence Block Density (TCBD). A tamper coincidence occurred in image authentication and self-recovery when the recovery data and the original block location were tampered with simultaneously. A high tamper coincidence limits image inpainting’s capability to recover the region, leading to an imprecise recovered image. The ratio and density of the tamper coincidence may significantly affect the final recovered image quality. Previously, researchers mentioned the tamper coincidence in their experiment but did not evaluate it with any metrics. They evaluated the robustness of their technique based on the final recovered image quality using the Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM). Tamper coincidences are primarily affected by the block map design implemented by the researcher. Thus, TCBR and TCBD provide valuable insight into the block map design’s effectiveness in preventing tamper coincidence. The experimental result shows that the TCBR and TCBD values are inversely proportional to the recovered image quality. A high TCBR and TCBD value leads to low recovered image quality. Therefore, this paper will help the researchers design an effective block map by minimizing the TCBR and TCBD values to obtain the highest recovered image quality.
format Article
author Afrig, Aminuddin
Ferda, Ernawan
Eh Phon, Danakorn Nincarean
Agit, Amrullah
Dhani, Ariatmanto
author_facet Afrig, Aminuddin
Ferda, Ernawan
Eh Phon, Danakorn Nincarean
Agit, Amrullah
Dhani, Ariatmanto
author_sort Afrig, Aminuddin
title TCBR and TCBD: Evaluation metrics for tamper coincidence problem in fragile image watermarking
title_short TCBR and TCBD: Evaluation metrics for tamper coincidence problem in fragile image watermarking
title_full TCBR and TCBD: Evaluation metrics for tamper coincidence problem in fragile image watermarking
title_fullStr TCBR and TCBD: Evaluation metrics for tamper coincidence problem in fragile image watermarking
title_full_unstemmed TCBR and TCBD: Evaluation metrics for tamper coincidence problem in fragile image watermarking
title_sort tcbr and tcbd: evaluation metrics for tamper coincidence problem in fragile image watermarking
publisher Elsevier Ltd
publishDate 2024
url http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/42289/1/TCBR%20and%20TCBD_Evaluation%20metrics%20for%20tamper%20coincidence%20problem.pdf
http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/42289/
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2024.101790
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2024.101790
_version_ 1822924584170553344
score 13.232683

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