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Knowledge, Awareness, and Practice of Safety and Emergency Response Among Scuba Divers in Malaysia: Questionnaire Development and Validation

Introduction: Safety has become paramount to ensure that scuba diving continues to expand into new markets, with minimal risks, and that scuba diving translates into a safe and relaxed adventure in response to growing market demands. Research focusing on assessing the knowledge, awareness, and pract...

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Main Authors: Aladin, Muhammad, Wan Mohd Zahiruddin, Wan Mohammad, Siti Rabiatull Aisha, Idris, Ahmad Filza, Ismail
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Springer Nature 2024
Subjects:
TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery
TL Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics
Online Access:http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/41393/1/Knowledge%2C%20Awareness%2C%20and%20Practice%20of%20Safety%20and%20Emergency%20Response%20Among%20Scuba%20Divers%20in%20Malaysia%20-%20Questionnaire%20Development%20and%20Validation.pdf
http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/41393/
https://www.cureus.com/articles/221820-knowledge-awareness-and-practice-of-safety-and-emergency-response-among-scuba-divers-in-malaysia-questionnaire-development-and-validation?score_article=true#!/authors
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spelling my.ump.umpir.413932024-05-24T07:21:14Z http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/41393/ Knowledge, Awareness, and Practice of Safety and Emergency Response Among Scuba Divers in Malaysia: Questionnaire Development and Validation Aladin, Muhammad Wan Mohd Zahiruddin, Wan Mohammad Siti Rabiatull Aisha, Idris Ahmad Filza, Ismail TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery TL Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics Introduction: Safety has become paramount to ensure that scuba diving continues to expand into new markets, with minimal risks, and that scuba diving translates into a safe and relaxed adventure in response to growing market demands. Research focusing on assessing the knowledge, awareness, and practices (KAP) regarding safety and emergency response among scuba divers has been limited, and there is a need for validated assessment tools in this area. Methods: This study involved 555 scuba divers in Malaysia, and the questionnaire underwent a thorough development and validation process, including content and face validity assessments, as well as exploratory factor analysis. The validation of the knowledge domain was conducted using Item Response Theory (IRT) analysis, while awareness and practice were validated through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA and CFA). Results: The content validity of the instrument was confirmed, with all items scoring over 80% for Item Content Validity Index (I-CVI), Scale Content Validity Index (S-CVI), and Scale Content Validity Index/Average (S-CVI/AVE). The initial draft comprises three domains: knowledge, awareness, and practice. Knowledge items were analyzed using IRT and demonstrated acceptable difficulty and discrimination levels. For the awareness and practice domains, EFA showed a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure (KMO) of 0.83 and 0.79, respectively, with a significant Bartlett's test of Sphericity (P < 0.001). EFA yielded three factors for both awareness and practice domains with a total of 12 items for awareness and 13 items for practice, with satisfactory factor loadings (≥0.3). The final model of CFA showed good fits for both awareness and practice domains in terms of absolute, parsimonious, and comparative measures. The composite reliability of awareness was acceptable with Raykov's rho of 0.71, whereas the practice domain fell slightly below the acceptable threshold at 0.55. This was attributed to low factor loading and a limited number of items within each factor. The final questionnaire now consists of 20 items for knowledge, 10 items for awareness, and 12 items for the practice domain. Conclusion: The results of this validation and reliability study indicate that the newly developed questionnaire possesses favorable psychometric properties for assessing KAP related to safety and emergency response in the scuba diving context. This research is essential for harmonizing the perspectives of crucial stakeholders within the recreational scuba diving industry. Springer Nature 2024 Article PeerReviewed pdf en cc_by_4 http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/41393/1/Knowledge%2C%20Awareness%2C%20and%20Practice%20of%20Safety%20and%20Emergency%20Response%20Among%20Scuba%20Divers%20in%20Malaysia%20-%20Questionnaire%20Development%20and%20Validation.pdf Aladin, Muhammad and Wan Mohd Zahiruddin, Wan Mohammad and Siti Rabiatull Aisha, Idris and Ahmad Filza, Ismail (2024) Knowledge, Awareness, and Practice of Safety and Emergency Response Among Scuba Divers in Malaysia: Questionnaire Development and Validation. Cureus, 16 (2). pp. 1-16. ISSN 2168-8184. (Published) https://www.cureus.com/articles/221820-knowledge-awareness-and-practice-of-safety-and-emergency-response-among-scuba-divers-in-malaysia-questionnaire-development-and-validation?score_article=true#!/authors 10.7759/cureus.53521
institution Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah
building UMPSA Library
collection Institutional Repository
continent Asia
country Malaysia
content_provider Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah
content_source UMPSA Institutional Repository
url_provider http://umpir.ump.edu.my/
language English
topic TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery
TL Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics
spellingShingle TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery
TL Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics
Aladin, Muhammad
Wan Mohd Zahiruddin, Wan Mohammad
Siti Rabiatull Aisha, Idris
Ahmad Filza, Ismail
Knowledge, Awareness, and Practice of Safety and Emergency Response Among Scuba Divers in Malaysia: Questionnaire Development and Validation
description Introduction: Safety has become paramount to ensure that scuba diving continues to expand into new markets, with minimal risks, and that scuba diving translates into a safe and relaxed adventure in response to growing market demands. Research focusing on assessing the knowledge, awareness, and practices (KAP) regarding safety and emergency response among scuba divers has been limited, and there is a need for validated assessment tools in this area. Methods: This study involved 555 scuba divers in Malaysia, and the questionnaire underwent a thorough development and validation process, including content and face validity assessments, as well as exploratory factor analysis. The validation of the knowledge domain was conducted using Item Response Theory (IRT) analysis, while awareness and practice were validated through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA and CFA). Results: The content validity of the instrument was confirmed, with all items scoring over 80% for Item Content Validity Index (I-CVI), Scale Content Validity Index (S-CVI), and Scale Content Validity Index/Average (S-CVI/AVE). The initial draft comprises three domains: knowledge, awareness, and practice. Knowledge items were analyzed using IRT and demonstrated acceptable difficulty and discrimination levels. For the awareness and practice domains, EFA showed a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure (KMO) of 0.83 and 0.79, respectively, with a significant Bartlett's test of Sphericity (P < 0.001). EFA yielded three factors for both awareness and practice domains with a total of 12 items for awareness and 13 items for practice, with satisfactory factor loadings (≥0.3). The final model of CFA showed good fits for both awareness and practice domains in terms of absolute, parsimonious, and comparative measures. The composite reliability of awareness was acceptable with Raykov's rho of 0.71, whereas the practice domain fell slightly below the acceptable threshold at 0.55. This was attributed to low factor loading and a limited number of items within each factor. The final questionnaire now consists of 20 items for knowledge, 10 items for awareness, and 12 items for the practice domain. Conclusion: The results of this validation and reliability study indicate that the newly developed questionnaire possesses favorable psychometric properties for assessing KAP related to safety and emergency response in the scuba diving context. This research is essential for harmonizing the perspectives of crucial stakeholders within the recreational scuba diving industry.
format Article
author Aladin, Muhammad
Wan Mohd Zahiruddin, Wan Mohammad
Siti Rabiatull Aisha, Idris
Ahmad Filza, Ismail
author_facet Aladin, Muhammad
Wan Mohd Zahiruddin, Wan Mohammad
Siti Rabiatull Aisha, Idris
Ahmad Filza, Ismail
author_sort Aladin, Muhammad
title Knowledge, Awareness, and Practice of Safety and Emergency Response Among Scuba Divers in Malaysia: Questionnaire Development and Validation
title_short Knowledge, Awareness, and Practice of Safety and Emergency Response Among Scuba Divers in Malaysia: Questionnaire Development and Validation
title_full Knowledge, Awareness, and Practice of Safety and Emergency Response Among Scuba Divers in Malaysia: Questionnaire Development and Validation
title_fullStr Knowledge, Awareness, and Practice of Safety and Emergency Response Among Scuba Divers in Malaysia: Questionnaire Development and Validation
title_full_unstemmed Knowledge, Awareness, and Practice of Safety and Emergency Response Among Scuba Divers in Malaysia: Questionnaire Development and Validation
title_sort knowledge, awareness, and practice of safety and emergency response among scuba divers in malaysia: questionnaire development and validation
publisher Springer Nature
publishDate 2024
url http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/41393/1/Knowledge%2C%20Awareness%2C%20and%20Practice%20of%20Safety%20and%20Emergency%20Response%20Among%20Scuba%20Divers%20in%20Malaysia%20-%20Questionnaire%20Development%20and%20Validation.pdf
http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/41393/
https://www.cureus.com/articles/221820-knowledge-awareness-and-practice-of-safety-and-emergency-response-among-scuba-divers-in-malaysia-questionnaire-development-and-validation?score_article=true#!/authors
_version_ 1822924350954668032
score 13.2353115

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