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An efficient adaptive scaling factor for 4×4 DCT image watermarking

The imperceptibility and robustness properties of the watermarked image are the major requirements for maintaining the watermarked image similar to the original image and keeping the inserted watermark resistant under various attacks. In order to optimize the scaling factor for balancing between imp...

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Main Authors: Ernawan, Ferda, Ariatmanto, Dhani
Format: Article
Language:English
English
Published: Springer 2023
Subjects:
QA75 Electronic computers. Computer science
QA76 Computer software
T Technology (General)
TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)
Online Access:http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/40774/1/An%20efficient%20adaptive%20scaling%20factor%20for%204%C3%974%20DCT.pdf
http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/40774/2/An%20efficient%20adaptive%20scaling%20factor%20for%204%C3%974%20DCT%20image%20watermarking_ABS.pdf
http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/40774/
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-14220-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-14220-0
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spelling my.ump.umpir.407742024-05-28T07:58:45Z http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/40774/ An efficient adaptive scaling factor for 4×4 DCT image watermarking Ernawan, Ferda Ariatmanto, Dhani QA75 Electronic computers. Computer science QA76 Computer software T Technology (General) TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) The imperceptibility and robustness properties of the watermarked image are the major requirements for maintaining the watermarked image similar to the original image and keeping the inserted watermark resistant under various attacks. In order to optimize the scaling factor for balancing between imperceptibility and robustness, this paper proposed a technique to generate scaling factors by considering the image content. The scaling factor is generated based on selected DCT coefficients of 4 × 4 DCT. The proposed watermarking can generate dynamic scaling factors for different DCT coefficients. The embedding regions are determined by using variance pixels, whereby the highest variance pixel was prioritised for the first embedding watermark. The watermark image pixels were scrambled by using an Arnold cat map before the watermark was embedded. This research uses 10 images from USC-SIPI image database to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed watermarking. The experimental results showed that the proposed method improved the invisibility of the watermarked image with PSNR value of 45.38 dB rather than other watermarking schemes. The proposed watermarking showed superior performance against different types of attack. Springer 2023-03 Article PeerReviewed pdf en http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/40774/1/An%20efficient%20adaptive%20scaling%20factor%20for%204%C3%974%20DCT.pdf pdf en http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/40774/2/An%20efficient%20adaptive%20scaling%20factor%20for%204%C3%974%20DCT%20image%20watermarking_ABS.pdf Ernawan, Ferda and Ariatmanto, Dhani (2023) An efficient adaptive scaling factor for 4×4 DCT image watermarking. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 82 (6). pp. 8603-8621. ISSN 1380-7501. (Published) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-14220-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-14220-0
institution Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah
building UMPSA Library
collection Institutional Repository
continent Asia
country Malaysia
content_provider Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah
content_source UMPSA Institutional Repository
url_provider http://umpir.ump.edu.my/
language English
English
topic QA75 Electronic computers. Computer science
QA76 Computer software
T Technology (General)
TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)
spellingShingle QA75 Electronic computers. Computer science
QA76 Computer software
T Technology (General)
TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)
Ernawan, Ferda
Ariatmanto, Dhani
An efficient adaptive scaling factor for 4×4 DCT image watermarking
description The imperceptibility and robustness properties of the watermarked image are the major requirements for maintaining the watermarked image similar to the original image and keeping the inserted watermark resistant under various attacks. In order to optimize the scaling factor for balancing between imperceptibility and robustness, this paper proposed a technique to generate scaling factors by considering the image content. The scaling factor is generated based on selected DCT coefficients of 4 × 4 DCT. The proposed watermarking can generate dynamic scaling factors for different DCT coefficients. The embedding regions are determined by using variance pixels, whereby the highest variance pixel was prioritised for the first embedding watermark. The watermark image pixels were scrambled by using an Arnold cat map before the watermark was embedded. This research uses 10 images from USC-SIPI image database to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed watermarking. The experimental results showed that the proposed method improved the invisibility of the watermarked image with PSNR value of 45.38 dB rather than other watermarking schemes. The proposed watermarking showed superior performance against different types of attack.
format Article
author Ernawan, Ferda
Ariatmanto, Dhani
author_facet Ernawan, Ferda
Ariatmanto, Dhani
author_sort Ernawan, Ferda
title An efficient adaptive scaling factor for 4×4 DCT image watermarking
title_short An efficient adaptive scaling factor for 4×4 DCT image watermarking
title_full An efficient adaptive scaling factor for 4×4 DCT image watermarking
title_fullStr An efficient adaptive scaling factor for 4×4 DCT image watermarking
title_full_unstemmed An efficient adaptive scaling factor for 4×4 DCT image watermarking
title_sort efficient adaptive scaling factor for 4×4 dct image watermarking
publisher Springer
publishDate 2023
url http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/40774/1/An%20efficient%20adaptive%20scaling%20factor%20for%204%C3%974%20DCT.pdf
http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/40774/2/An%20efficient%20adaptive%20scaling%20factor%20for%204%C3%974%20DCT%20image%20watermarking_ABS.pdf
http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/40774/
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-14220-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-14220-0
_version_ 1822924356148264960
score 13.232429

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