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The inﬂuence of filler loading and alkaline treatment on the mechanical properties of palm kernel cake filler reinforced epoxy composites

The manufacturing of materials, in conjunction with green technology, emphasises the need to employ renewable resources to ensure long-term sustainability. Re-exploring renewable elements that can be employed as reinforcing materials in polymer composites has been a major endeavour. The research goa...

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Main Authors:	Cionita, Tezara, Siregar, Januar Parlaungan, Wong, Ling Shing, Cheng, Wan Hee, Fitriyana, Deni Fajar, Jamiluddin, Jaafar, Ramli, Junid, Irawan, Agustinus Purna, Hadi, Agung Efriyo
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	MDPI 2022
Subjects:	T Technology (General) TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering TS Manufactures
Online Access:	http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/40156/1/The%20influence%20of%20filler%20loading%20and%20alkaline%20treatment%20on%20the%20mechanical.pdf http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/40156/ https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14153063 https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14153063
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spelling	my.ump.umpir.401562024-02-07T07:18:43Z http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/40156/ The inﬂuence of filler loading and alkaline treatment on the mechanical properties of palm kernel cake filler reinforced epoxy composites Cionita, Tezara Siregar, Januar Parlaungan Wong, Ling Shing Cheng, Wan Hee Fitriyana, Deni Fajar Jamiluddin, Jaafar Ramli, Junid Irawan, Agustinus Purna Hadi, Agung Efriyo T Technology (General) TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering TS Manufactures The manufacturing of materials, in conjunction with green technology, emphasises the need to employ renewable resources to ensure long-term sustainability. Re-exploring renewable elements that can be employed as reinforcing materials in polymer composites has been a major endeavour. The research goal is to determine how well palm kernel cake filler (PKCF) performs in reinforced epoxy composites. In this study, PKCF with 100 mesh was mixed with epoxy resin (ER) in various ratios ranging from 10% to 40% by weight. Hand lay-up with an open mould is proposed as a method for fabricating the specimen test. Surface modification of PKCF with varying concentrations of NaOH (5 wt.% and 10 wt.%) will be contrasted with the untreated samples. Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the effect of alkaline treatment will be examined. The tensile and maximum flexural strength of the untreated PKCF/ER composite were determined in this work, with a 30 wt.% of PKCF having the highest tensile strength of 31.20 MPa and the highest flexural strength of 39.70 MPa. The tensile and flexural strength were reduced to 22.90 MPa and 30.50 MPa, respectively, when the filler loading was raised to 40 wt.%. A 5 wt.% alkali treatment for 1 h improved the composites’ mechanical characteristics. Lastly, an alkali treatment can aid in the resolution of the problem of inadequate matrix and filler interaction. Alkaline treatment is a popular and effective method for reducing the hydroxyl group in fillers and, thus, improving interfacial bonding. Overall, palm kernel cake is a promising material used as a filler in polymer composites. MDPI 2022-08 Article PeerReviewed pdf en cc_by_4 http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/40156/1/The%20influence%20of%20filler%20loading%20and%20alkaline%20treatment%20on%20the%20mechanical.pdf Cionita, Tezara and Siregar, Januar Parlaungan and Wong, Ling Shing and Cheng, Wan Hee and Fitriyana, Deni Fajar and Jamiluddin, Jaafar and Ramli, Junid and Irawan, Agustinus Purna and Hadi, Agung Efriyo (2022) The inﬂuence of filler loading and alkaline treatment on the mechanical properties of palm kernel cake filler reinforced epoxy composites. Polymers, 14 (3063). pp. 1-17. ISSN 2073-4360. (Published) https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14153063 https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14153063
institution	Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah
building	UMPSA Library
collection	Institutional Repository
continent	Asia
country	Malaysia
content_provider	Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah
content_source	UMPSA Institutional Repository
url_provider	http://umpir.ump.edu.my/
language	English
topic	T Technology (General) TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering TS Manufactures
spellingShingle	T Technology (General) TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering TS Manufactures Cionita, Tezara Siregar, Januar Parlaungan Wong, Ling Shing Cheng, Wan Hee Fitriyana, Deni Fajar Jamiluddin, Jaafar Ramli, Junid Irawan, Agustinus Purna Hadi, Agung Efriyo The inﬂuence of filler loading and alkaline treatment on the mechanical properties of palm kernel cake filler reinforced epoxy composites
description	The manufacturing of materials, in conjunction with green technology, emphasises the need to employ renewable resources to ensure long-term sustainability. Re-exploring renewable elements that can be employed as reinforcing materials in polymer composites has been a major endeavour. The research goal is to determine how well palm kernel cake filler (PKCF) performs in reinforced epoxy composites. In this study, PKCF with 100 mesh was mixed with epoxy resin (ER) in various ratios ranging from 10% to 40% by weight. Hand lay-up with an open mould is proposed as a method for fabricating the specimen test. Surface modification of PKCF with varying concentrations of NaOH (5 wt.% and 10 wt.%) will be contrasted with the untreated samples. Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the effect of alkaline treatment will be examined. The tensile and maximum flexural strength of the untreated PKCF/ER composite were determined in this work, with a 30 wt.% of PKCF having the highest tensile strength of 31.20 MPa and the highest flexural strength of 39.70 MPa. The tensile and flexural strength were reduced to 22.90 MPa and 30.50 MPa, respectively, when the filler loading was raised to 40 wt.%. A 5 wt.% alkali treatment for 1 h improved the composites’ mechanical characteristics. Lastly, an alkali treatment can aid in the resolution of the problem of inadequate matrix and filler interaction. Alkaline treatment is a popular and effective method for reducing the hydroxyl group in fillers and, thus, improving interfacial bonding. Overall, palm kernel cake is a promising material used as a filler in polymer composites.
format	Article
author	Cionita, Tezara Siregar, Januar Parlaungan Wong, Ling Shing Cheng, Wan Hee Fitriyana, Deni Fajar Jamiluddin, Jaafar Ramli, Junid Irawan, Agustinus Purna Hadi, Agung Efriyo
author_facet	Cionita, Tezara Siregar, Januar Parlaungan Wong, Ling Shing Cheng, Wan Hee Fitriyana, Deni Fajar Jamiluddin, Jaafar Ramli, Junid Irawan, Agustinus Purna Hadi, Agung Efriyo
author_sort	Cionita, Tezara
title	The inﬂuence of filler loading and alkaline treatment on the mechanical properties of palm kernel cake filler reinforced epoxy composites
title_short	The inﬂuence of filler loading and alkaline treatment on the mechanical properties of palm kernel cake filler reinforced epoxy composites
title_full	The inﬂuence of filler loading and alkaline treatment on the mechanical properties of palm kernel cake filler reinforced epoxy composites
title_fullStr	The inﬂuence of filler loading and alkaline treatment on the mechanical properties of palm kernel cake filler reinforced epoxy composites
title_full_unstemmed	The inﬂuence of filler loading and alkaline treatment on the mechanical properties of palm kernel cake filler reinforced epoxy composites
title_sort	inﬂuence of filler loading and alkaline treatment on the mechanical properties of palm kernel cake filler reinforced epoxy composites
publisher	MDPI
publishDate	2022
url	http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/40156/1/The%20influence%20of%20filler%20loading%20and%20alkaline%20treatment%20on%20the%20mechanical.pdf http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/40156/ https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14153063 https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14153063
_version_	1822924119324229632
score	13.235362

The inﬂuence of filler loading and alkaline treatment on the mechanical properties of palm kernel cake filler reinforced epoxy composites

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