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Friction stir alloying of AZ61 and mild steel with Cu-CNT additive

Dissimilar joining between lightweight magnesium (Mg) alloys and steel is essential to produce lighter vehicles, improve vehicles' fuel efficiency, and reduce carbon emissions. However, the joining of Mg to steel is impractical due to the immiscible properties between these metals. In this expe...

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Main Authors:	bin Ariffin, Mohammad Ashraf, bin Muhamad, Mohd Ridha, Raja, Sufian, Jamaludin, Mohd Fadzil, Yusof, Farazila, Suga, Tetsuo, Liu, Huihong, Morisada, Yoshiaki, Fujii, Hidetoshi
Format:	Article
Published:	ELSEVIER 2022
Subjects:	TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery
Online Access:	http://eprints.um.edu.my/46224/ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.10.082
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spelling	my.um.eprints.462242024-08-05T07:56:05Z http://eprints.um.edu.my/46224/ Friction stir alloying of AZ61 and mild steel with Cu-CNT additive bin Ariffin, Mohammad Ashraf bin Muhamad, Mohd Ridha Raja, Sufian Jamaludin, Mohd Fadzil Yusof, Farazila Suga, Tetsuo Liu, Huihong Morisada, Yoshiaki Fujii, Hidetoshi TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery Dissimilar joining between lightweight magnesium (Mg) alloys and steel is essential to produce lighter vehicles, improve vehicles' fuel efficiency, and reduce carbon emissions. However, the joining of Mg to steel is impractical due to the immiscible properties between these metals. In this experiment, friction stir alloying (FSA) is proposed to solve this problem. The additive, consisting of different wt% of carbon nanotubes (CNT) in Cu powder was first added into the gap between the workpieces and then friction stir welding (FSW) was performed at varied traverse speed and constant rotational speed. After the joining, microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties of Cu-CNT reinforced Mg/steel joints were investigated. Trans-mission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of the Mg/steel joint revealed the formation of IMC at the interface of the joint. Further analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed a dominant presence of Mg2Cu IMC which indicated the interdiffusion of Cu into Mg element to establish intermetallic bonding. The presence of CNT inside the Mg matrix was also confirmed by TEM which contributed to the strengthening effect of the joint. Tensile and microhardness results revealed a notable enhancement of joint mechanical properties when Cu-CNT additive was added as compared to specimens with only Cu additive, and specimens without additive. The enhanced tensile strength and microhardness of the Cu-CNT reinforced Mg/steel joint was attributed to the dispersion of CNT inside the Mg matrix, which induced multiple dislocations in the surface region, therefore improving the mechanical properties of the joint. (c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). ELSEVIER 2022-11 Article PeerReviewed bin Ariffin, Mohammad Ashraf and bin Muhamad, Mohd Ridha and Raja, Sufian and Jamaludin, Mohd Fadzil and Yusof, Farazila and Suga, Tetsuo and Liu, Huihong and Morisada, Yoshiaki and Fujii, Hidetoshi (2022) Friction stir alloying of AZ61 and mild steel with Cu-CNT additive. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-JMR&T, 21. pp. 2400-2415. ISSN 2214-0697, DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.10.082 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.10.082>. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.10.082 10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.10.082
institution	Universiti Malaya
building	UM Library
collection	Institutional Repository
continent	Asia
country	Malaysia
content_provider	Universiti Malaya
content_source	UM Research Repository
url_provider	http://eprints.um.edu.my/
topic	TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery
spellingShingle	TJ Mechanical engineering and machinery bin Ariffin, Mohammad Ashraf bin Muhamad, Mohd Ridha Raja, Sufian Jamaludin, Mohd Fadzil Yusof, Farazila Suga, Tetsuo Liu, Huihong Morisada, Yoshiaki Fujii, Hidetoshi Friction stir alloying of AZ61 and mild steel with Cu-CNT additive
description	Dissimilar joining between lightweight magnesium (Mg) alloys and steel is essential to produce lighter vehicles, improve vehicles' fuel efficiency, and reduce carbon emissions. However, the joining of Mg to steel is impractical due to the immiscible properties between these metals. In this experiment, friction stir alloying (FSA) is proposed to solve this problem. The additive, consisting of different wt% of carbon nanotubes (CNT) in Cu powder was first added into the gap between the workpieces and then friction stir welding (FSW) was performed at varied traverse speed and constant rotational speed. After the joining, microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties of Cu-CNT reinforced Mg/steel joints were investigated. Trans-mission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of the Mg/steel joint revealed the formation of IMC at the interface of the joint. Further analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed a dominant presence of Mg2Cu IMC which indicated the interdiffusion of Cu into Mg element to establish intermetallic bonding. The presence of CNT inside the Mg matrix was also confirmed by TEM which contributed to the strengthening effect of the joint. Tensile and microhardness results revealed a notable enhancement of joint mechanical properties when Cu-CNT additive was added as compared to specimens with only Cu additive, and specimens without additive. The enhanced tensile strength and microhardness of the Cu-CNT reinforced Mg/steel joint was attributed to the dispersion of CNT inside the Mg matrix, which induced multiple dislocations in the surface region, therefore improving the mechanical properties of the joint. (c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
format	Article
author	bin Ariffin, Mohammad Ashraf bin Muhamad, Mohd Ridha Raja, Sufian Jamaludin, Mohd Fadzil Yusof, Farazila Suga, Tetsuo Liu, Huihong Morisada, Yoshiaki Fujii, Hidetoshi
author_facet	bin Ariffin, Mohammad Ashraf bin Muhamad, Mohd Ridha Raja, Sufian Jamaludin, Mohd Fadzil Yusof, Farazila Suga, Tetsuo Liu, Huihong Morisada, Yoshiaki Fujii, Hidetoshi
author_sort	bin Ariffin, Mohammad Ashraf
title	Friction stir alloying of AZ61 and mild steel with Cu-CNT additive
title_short	Friction stir alloying of AZ61 and mild steel with Cu-CNT additive
title_full	Friction stir alloying of AZ61 and mild steel with Cu-CNT additive
title_fullStr	Friction stir alloying of AZ61 and mild steel with Cu-CNT additive
title_full_unstemmed	Friction stir alloying of AZ61 and mild steel with Cu-CNT additive
title_sort	friction stir alloying of az61 and mild steel with cu-cnt additive
publisher	ELSEVIER
publishDate	2022
url	http://eprints.um.edu.my/46224/ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.10.082
_version_	1806688800352501760
score	13.211869

Friction stir alloying of AZ61 and mild steel with Cu-CNT additive

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