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Establishing associated risk factors, including fungal and parasitic infections among Malaysians living with schizophrenia

The aetiology of schizophrenia is multifactorial, and the identification of its risk factors are scarce and highly variable. A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the risk factors associated with schizophrenia among Malaysian sub-population. A total of 120 individuals diagnosed with s...

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المؤلفون الرئيسيون: Franklin, Freddy, Rajamanikam, Arutchelvan, Phang, Wei Kit, Raju, Chandramathi Samudi, Gill, Jesjeet Singh, Francis, Benedict, Sy-Cherng Woon, Luke, Govind, Suresh Kumar
التنسيق: مقال
منشور في: Nature Research 2024
الموضوعات:
R Medicine (General)
الوصول للمادة أونلاين:http://eprints.um.edu.my/45820/
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-50299-7
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spelling my.um.eprints.458202024-11-12T06:33:55Z http://eprints.um.edu.my/45820/ Establishing associated risk factors, including fungal and parasitic infections among Malaysians living with schizophrenia Franklin, Freddy Rajamanikam, Arutchelvan Phang, Wei Kit Raju, Chandramathi Samudi Gill, Jesjeet Singh Francis, Benedict Sy-Cherng Woon, Luke Govind, Suresh Kumar R Medicine (General) The aetiology of schizophrenia is multifactorial, and the identification of its risk factors are scarce and highly variable. A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the risk factors associated with schizophrenia among Malaysian sub-population. A total of 120 individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia (SZ) and 180 non-schizophrenic (NS) individuals participated in a questionnaire-based survey. Data of complete questionnaire responses obtained from 91 SZ and 120 NS participants were used in statistical analyses. Stool samples were obtained from the participants and screened for gut parasites and fungi using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The median age were 46 years (interquartile range (IQR) 37 to 60 years) and 35 years (IQR 24 to 47.75 years) for SZ and NS respectively. Multivariable binary logistic regression showed that the factors associated with increased risk of SZ were age, sex, unemployment, presence of other chronic ailment, smoking, and high dairy consumption per week. These factors, except sex, were positively associated with the severity of SZ. Breastfed at infancy as well as vitamin and supplement consumption showed a protective effect against SZ. After data clean-up, fungal or parasitic infections were found in 98% (39/42). of SZ participants and 6.1% (3/49) of NS participants. Our findings identified non-modifiable risk factors (age and sex) and modifiable lifestyle-related risk factors (unemployment, presence of other chronic ailment, smoking, and high dairy consumption per week) associated with SZ and implicate the need for medical attention in preventing fungal and parasitic infections in SZ. Nature Research 2024-01 Article PeerReviewed Franklin, Freddy and Rajamanikam, Arutchelvan and Phang, Wei Kit and Raju, Chandramathi Samudi and Gill, Jesjeet Singh and Francis, Benedict and Sy-Cherng Woon, Luke and Govind, Suresh Kumar (2024) Establishing associated risk factors, including fungal and parasitic infections among Malaysians living with schizophrenia. Scientific Reports, 14 (1). p. 385. ISSN 2045-2322, DOI https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-50299-7 <https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-50299-7>. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-50299-7 10.1038/s41598-023-50299-7
institution Universiti Malaya
building UM Library
collection Institutional Repository
continent Asia
country Malaysia
content_provider Universiti Malaya
content_source UM Research Repository
url_provider http://eprints.um.edu.my/
topic R Medicine (General)
spellingShingle R Medicine (General)
Franklin, Freddy
Rajamanikam, Arutchelvan
Phang, Wei Kit
Raju, Chandramathi Samudi
Gill, Jesjeet Singh
Francis, Benedict
Sy-Cherng Woon, Luke
Govind, Suresh Kumar
Establishing associated risk factors, including fungal and parasitic infections among Malaysians living with schizophrenia
description The aetiology of schizophrenia is multifactorial, and the identification of its risk factors are scarce and highly variable. A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the risk factors associated with schizophrenia among Malaysian sub-population. A total of 120 individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia (SZ) and 180 non-schizophrenic (NS) individuals participated in a questionnaire-based survey. Data of complete questionnaire responses obtained from 91 SZ and 120 NS participants were used in statistical analyses. Stool samples were obtained from the participants and screened for gut parasites and fungi using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The median age were 46 years (interquartile range (IQR) 37 to 60 years) and 35 years (IQR 24 to 47.75 years) for SZ and NS respectively. Multivariable binary logistic regression showed that the factors associated with increased risk of SZ were age, sex, unemployment, presence of other chronic ailment, smoking, and high dairy consumption per week. These factors, except sex, were positively associated with the severity of SZ. Breastfed at infancy as well as vitamin and supplement consumption showed a protective effect against SZ. After data clean-up, fungal or parasitic infections were found in 98% (39/42). of SZ participants and 6.1% (3/49) of NS participants. Our findings identified non-modifiable risk factors (age and sex) and modifiable lifestyle-related risk factors (unemployment, presence of other chronic ailment, smoking, and high dairy consumption per week) associated with SZ and implicate the need for medical attention in preventing fungal and parasitic infections in SZ.
format Article
author Franklin, Freddy
Rajamanikam, Arutchelvan
Phang, Wei Kit
Raju, Chandramathi Samudi
Gill, Jesjeet Singh
Francis, Benedict
Sy-Cherng Woon, Luke
Govind, Suresh Kumar
author_facet Franklin, Freddy
Rajamanikam, Arutchelvan
Phang, Wei Kit
Raju, Chandramathi Samudi
Gill, Jesjeet Singh
Francis, Benedict
Sy-Cherng Woon, Luke
Govind, Suresh Kumar
author_sort Franklin, Freddy
title Establishing associated risk factors, including fungal and parasitic infections among Malaysians living with schizophrenia
title_short Establishing associated risk factors, including fungal and parasitic infections among Malaysians living with schizophrenia
title_full Establishing associated risk factors, including fungal and parasitic infections among Malaysians living with schizophrenia
title_fullStr Establishing associated risk factors, including fungal and parasitic infections among Malaysians living with schizophrenia
title_full_unstemmed Establishing associated risk factors, including fungal and parasitic infections among Malaysians living with schizophrenia
title_sort establishing associated risk factors, including fungal and parasitic infections among malaysians living with schizophrenia
publisher Nature Research
publishDate 2024
url http://eprints.um.edu.my/45820/
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-50299-7
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score 13.251813

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