Staff View: First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. VIII. Physical Interpretation of the Polarized Ring

First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. VIII. Physical Interpretation of the Polarized Ring

In a companion paper, we present the first spatially resolved polarized image of Sagittarius A* on event horizon scales, captured using the Event Horizon Telescope, a global very long baseline interferometric array operating at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. Here we interpret this image using both simple a...

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Main Authors:	Akiyama, Kazunori, Alberdi, Antxon, Alef, Walter, Algaba, Juan Carlos, Anantua, Richard, Asada, Keiichi, Azulay, Rebecca, Bach, Uwe, Baczko, Anne-Kathrin, Ball, David, Balokovic, Mislav, Bandyopadhyay, Bidisha, Barrett, John, Bauboeck, Michi, Benson, Bradford A., Bintley, Dan, Blackburn, Lindy, Blundell, Raymond, Bouman, Katherine L., Bower, Geoffrey C., Boyce, Hope, Bremer, Michael, Brinkerink, Christiaan D., Brissenden, Roger, Britzen, Silke, Broderick, Avery E., Broguiere, Dominique, Bronzwaer, Thomas, Bustamante, Sandra, Byun, Do-Young, Carlstrom, John E., Ceccobello, Chiara, Chael, Andrew, Chan, Chi-Kwan, Chang, Dominic O., Chatterjee, Koushik, Chatterjee, Shami, Chen, Ming-Tang, Chen, Yongjun, Cheng, Xiaopeng, Cho, Ilje, Christian, Pierre, Conroy, Nicholas S., Conway, John E., Cordes, James M., Crawford, Thomas M., Crew, Geoffrey B., Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro, Cui, Yuzhu, Dahale, Rohan, Davelaar, Jordy, De Laurentis, Mariafelicia, Deane, Roger, Dempsey, Jessica, Desvignes, Gregory, Dexter, Jason, Dhruv, Vedant, Dihingia, Indu K., Doeleman, Sheperd S., Dougal, Sean, Dzib, Sergio A., Eatough, Ralph P., Emami, Razieh, Falcke, Heino, Farah, Joseph, Fish, Vincent L., Fomalont, Edward, Ford, H. Alyson, Foschi, Marianna, Fraga-Encinas, Raquel, Freeman, William T., Friberg, Per, Fromm, Christian M., Fuentes, Antonio, Galison, Peter, Gammie, Charles F., Garcia, Roberto, Gentaz, Olivier, Georgiev, Boris, Goddi, Ciriaco, Gold, Roman, Gomez-Ruiz, Arturo I., Gomez, Jose L., Gu, Minfeng, Gurwell, Mark, Hada, Kazuhiro, Haggard, Daryl, Haworth, Kari, Hecht, Michael H., Hesper, Ronald, Heumann, Dirk, Ho, Luis C., Ho, Paul, Honma, Mareki, Huang, Chih-Wei L., Huang, Lei, Hughes, David H., Ikeda, Shiro, Impellizzeri, C.M. Violette, Inoue, Makoto, Issaoun, Sara, James, David J., Jannuzi, Buell T., Janssen, Michael, Jeter, Britton, Jiang, Wu, Jimenez-Rosales, Alejandra, Johnson, Michael D., Jorstad, Svetlana, Joshi, Abhishek V., Jung, Taehyun, Karami, Mansour, Karuppusamy, Ramesh, Kawashima, Tomohisa, Keating, Garrett K., Kettenis, Mark, Kim, Dong-Jin, Kim, Jae-Young, Kim, Jongsoo, Kim, Junhan, Kino, Motoki, Koay, Jun Yi, Kocherlakota, Prashant, Kofuji, Yutaro, Koch, Patrick M., Koyama, Shoko, Kramer, Carsten, Kramer, Joana A., Kramer, Michael, Krichbaum, Thomas P., Kuo, Cheng-Yu, La Bella, Noemi, Lauer, Tod R., Lee, Daeyoung, Lee, Sang-Sung, Leung, Po Kin, Levis, Aviad, Li, Zhiyuan, Lico, Rocco, Lindahl, Greg, Lindqvist, Michael, Lisakov, Mikhail, Liu, Jun, Liu, Kuo, Liuzzo, Elisabetta, Lo, Wen-Ping, Lobanov, Andrei P., Loinard, Laurent, Lonsdale, Colin J., Lowitz, Amy E., Lu, Ru-Sen, MacDonald, Nicholas R., Mao, Jirong, Marchili, Nicola, Markoff, Sera, Marrone, Daniel P., Marscher, Alan P., Marti-Vidal, Ivan, Matsushita, Satoki, Matthews, Lynn D., Medeiros, Lia, Menten, Karl M., Michalik, Daniel, Mizuno, Izumi, Mizuno, Yosuke, Moran, James M., Moriyama, Kotaro, Moscibrodzka, Monika, Mulaudzi, Wanga, Mueller, Cornelia, Mueller, Hendrik, Mus, Alejandro, Musoke, Gibwa, Myserlis, Ioannis, Nadolski, Andrew, Nagai, Hiroshi, Nagar, Neil M., Nakamura, Masanori, Narayanan, Gopal, Natarajan, Iniyan, Nathanail, Antonios, Navarro Fuentes, Santiago, Neilsen, Joey, Neri, Roberto, Ni, Chunchong, Noutsos, Aristeidis, Nowak, Michael A., Oh, Junghwan, Okino, Hiroki, Olivares, Hector, Ortiz-Leon, Gisela N., Oyama, Tomoaki, Ozel, Feryal, Palumbo, Daniel C.M., Paraschos, Georgios Filippos, Park, Jongho, Parsons, Harriet, Patel, Nimesh, Pen, Ue-Li, Pesce, Dominic W., Pietu, Vincent, Plambeck, Richard, PopStefanija, Aleksandar, Porth, Oliver, Poetzl, Felix M., Prather, Ben, Preciado-Lopez, Jorge A., Psaltis, Dimitrios, Pu, Hung-Yi, Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh, Rao, Ramprasad, Rawlings, Mark G., Raymond, Alexander W., Rezzolla, Luciano, Ricarte, Angelo, Ripperda, Bart, Roelofs, Freek, Rogers, Alan, Romero-Canizales, Cristina, Ros, Eduardo, Roshanineshat, Arash, Rottmann, Helge, Roy, Alan L., Ruiz, Ignacio, Ruszczyk, Chet, Rygl, Kazi L.J., Sanchez, Salvador, Sanchez-Argueelles, David, Sanchez-Portal, Miguel, Sasada, Mahito, Satapathy, Kaushik, Savolainen, Tuomas, Schloerb, F. Peter, Schonfeld, Jonathan, Schuster, Karl-Friedrich, Shao, Lijing, Shen, Zhiqiang, Small, Des, Sohn, Bong Won, SooHoo, Jason, Salas, Leon David Sosapanta, Souccar, Kamal, Stanway, Joshua S., Sun, He, Tazaki, Fumie, Tetarenko, Alexandra J., Tiede, Paul, Tilanus, Remo P.J., Titus, Michael, Torne, Pablo, Toscano, Teresa, Traianou, Efthalia, Trent, Tyler, Trippe, Sascha, Turk, Matthew, van Bemmel, Ilse, van Langevelde, Huib Jan, van Rossum, Daniel R., Vos, Jesse, Wagner, Jan, Ward-Thompson, Derek, Wardle, John, Washington, Jasmin E., Weintroub, Jonathan, Wharton, Robert, Wielgus, Maciek, Wiik, Kaj, Witzel, Gunther, Wondrak, Michael F., Wong, George N., Wu, Qingwen, Yadlapalli, Nitika, Yamaguchi, Paul, Yfantis, Aristomenis, Yoon, Doosoo, Young, Andre, Young, Ken, Younsi, Ziri, Yu, Wei, Yuan, Feng, Yuan, Ye-Fei, Zensus, J. Anton, Zhang, Shuo, Zhao, Guang-Yao, Zhao, Shan-Shan, Najafi-Ziyazi, Mahdi, Collaborat, Event Horizon Telescope
Format:	Article
Published:	IOP Publishing 2024
Subjects:	QC Physics
Online Access:	http://eprints.um.edu.my/45341/ https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad2df1
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id	my.um.eprints.45341
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institution	Universiti Malaya
building	UM Library
collection	Institutional Repository
continent	Asia
country	Malaysia
content_provider	Universiti Malaya
content_source	UM Research Repository
url_provider	http://eprints.um.edu.my/
topic	QC Physics
spellingShingle	QC Physics Akiyama, Kazunori Alberdi, Antxon Alef, Walter Algaba, Juan Carlos Anantua, Richard Asada, Keiichi Azulay, Rebecca Bach, Uwe Baczko, Anne-Kathrin Ball, David Balokovic, Mislav Bandyopadhyay, Bidisha Barrett, John Bauboeck, Michi Benson, Bradford A. Bintley, Dan Blackburn, Lindy Blundell, Raymond Bouman, Katherine L. Bower, Geoffrey C. Boyce, Hope Bremer, Michael Brinkerink, Christiaan D. Brissenden, Roger Britzen, Silke Broderick, Avery E. Broguiere, Dominique Bronzwaer, Thomas Bustamante, Sandra Byun, Do-Young Carlstrom, John E. Ceccobello, Chiara Chael, Andrew Chan, Chi-Kwan Chang, Dominic O. Chatterjee, Koushik Chatterjee, Shami Chen, Ming-Tang Chen, Yongjun Cheng, Xiaopeng Cho, Ilje Christian, Pierre Conroy, Nicholas S. Conway, John E. Cordes, James M. Crawford, Thomas M. Crew, Geoffrey B. Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro Cui, Yuzhu Dahale, Rohan Davelaar, Jordy De Laurentis, Mariafelicia Deane, Roger Dempsey, Jessica Desvignes, Gregory Dexter, Jason Dhruv, Vedant Dihingia, Indu K. Doeleman, Sheperd S. Dougal, Sean Dzib, Sergio A. Eatough, Ralph P. Emami, Razieh Falcke, Heino Farah, Joseph Fish, Vincent L. Fomalont, Edward Ford, H. Alyson Foschi, Marianna Fraga-Encinas, Raquel Freeman, William T. Friberg, Per Fromm, Christian M. Fuentes, Antonio Galison, Peter Gammie, Charles F. Garcia, Roberto Gentaz, Olivier Georgiev, Boris Goddi, Ciriaco Gold, Roman Gomez-Ruiz, Arturo I. Gomez, Jose L. Gu, Minfeng Gurwell, Mark Hada, Kazuhiro Haggard, Daryl Haworth, Kari Hecht, Michael H. Hesper, Ronald Heumann, Dirk Ho, Luis C. Ho, Paul Honma, Mareki Huang, Chih-Wei L. Huang, Lei Hughes, David H. Ikeda, Shiro Impellizzeri, C.M. Violette Inoue, Makoto Issaoun, Sara James, David J. Jannuzi, Buell T. Janssen, Michael Jeter, Britton Jiang, Wu Jimenez-Rosales, Alejandra Johnson, Michael D. Jorstad, Svetlana Joshi, Abhishek V. Jung, Taehyun Karami, Mansour Karuppusamy, Ramesh Kawashima, Tomohisa Keating, Garrett K. Kettenis, Mark Kim, Dong-Jin Kim, Jae-Young Kim, Jongsoo Kim, Junhan Kino, Motoki Koay, Jun Yi Kocherlakota, Prashant Kofuji, Yutaro Koch, Patrick M. Koyama, Shoko Kramer, Carsten Kramer, Joana A. Kramer, Michael Krichbaum, Thomas P. Kuo, Cheng-Yu La Bella, Noemi Lauer, Tod R. Lee, Daeyoung Lee, Sang-Sung Leung, Po Kin Levis, Aviad Li, Zhiyuan Lico, Rocco Lindahl, Greg Lindqvist, Michael Lisakov, Mikhail Liu, Jun Liu, Kuo Liuzzo, Elisabetta Lo, Wen-Ping Lobanov, Andrei P. Loinard, Laurent Lonsdale, Colin J. Lowitz, Amy E. Lu, Ru-Sen MacDonald, Nicholas R. Mao, Jirong Marchili, Nicola Markoff, Sera Marrone, Daniel P. Marscher, Alan P. Marti-Vidal, Ivan Matsushita, Satoki Matthews, Lynn D. Medeiros, Lia Menten, Karl M. Michalik, Daniel Mizuno, Izumi Mizuno, Yosuke Moran, James M. Moriyama, Kotaro Moscibrodzka, Monika Mulaudzi, Wanga Mueller, Cornelia Mueller, Hendrik Mus, Alejandro Musoke, Gibwa Myserlis, Ioannis Nadolski, Andrew Nagai, Hiroshi Nagar, Neil M. Nakamura, Masanori Narayanan, Gopal Natarajan, Iniyan Nathanail, Antonios Navarro Fuentes, Santiago Neilsen, Joey Neri, Roberto Ni, Chunchong Noutsos, Aristeidis Nowak, Michael A. Oh, Junghwan Okino, Hiroki Olivares, Hector Ortiz-Leon, Gisela N. Oyama, Tomoaki Ozel, Feryal Palumbo, Daniel C.M. Paraschos, Georgios Filippos Park, Jongho Parsons, Harriet Patel, Nimesh Pen, Ue-Li Pesce, Dominic W. Pietu, Vincent Plambeck, Richard PopStefanija, Aleksandar Porth, Oliver Poetzl, Felix M. Prather, Ben Preciado-Lopez, Jorge A. Psaltis, Dimitrios Pu, Hung-Yi Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh Rao, Ramprasad Rawlings, Mark G. Raymond, Alexander W. Rezzolla, Luciano Ricarte, Angelo Ripperda, Bart Roelofs, Freek Rogers, Alan Romero-Canizales, Cristina Ros, Eduardo Roshanineshat, Arash Rottmann, Helge Roy, Alan L. Ruiz, Ignacio Ruszczyk, Chet Rygl, Kazi L.J. Sanchez, Salvador Sanchez-Argueelles, David Sanchez-Portal, Miguel Sasada, Mahito Satapathy, Kaushik Savolainen, Tuomas Schloerb, F. Peter Schonfeld, Jonathan Schuster, Karl-Friedrich Shao, Lijing Shen, Zhiqiang Small, Des Sohn, Bong Won SooHoo, Jason Salas, Leon David Sosapanta Souccar, Kamal Stanway, Joshua S. Sun, He Tazaki, Fumie Tetarenko, Alexandra J. Tiede, Paul Tilanus, Remo P.J. Titus, Michael Torne, Pablo Toscano, Teresa Traianou, Efthalia Trent, Tyler Trippe, Sascha Turk, Matthew van Bemmel, Ilse van Langevelde, Huib Jan van Rossum, Daniel R. Vos, Jesse Wagner, Jan Ward-Thompson, Derek Wardle, John Washington, Jasmin E. Weintroub, Jonathan Wharton, Robert Wielgus, Maciek Wiik, Kaj Witzel, Gunther Wondrak, Michael F. Wong, George N. Wu, Qingwen Yadlapalli, Nitika Yamaguchi, Paul Yfantis, Aristomenis Yoon, Doosoo Young, Andre Young, Ken Younsi, Ziri Yu, Wei Yuan, Feng Yuan, Ye-Fei Zensus, J. Anton Zhang, Shuo Zhao, Guang-Yao Zhao, Shan-Shan Najafi-Ziyazi, Mahdi Collaborat, Event Horizon Telescope First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. VIII. Physical Interpretation of the Polarized Ring
description	In a companion paper, we present the first spatially resolved polarized image of Sagittarius A* on event horizon scales, captured using the Event Horizon Telescope, a global very long baseline interferometric array operating at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. Here we interpret this image using both simple analytic models and numerical general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations. The large spatially resolved linear polarization fraction (24%-28%, peaking at similar to 40%) is the most stringent constraint on parameter space, disfavoring models that are too Faraday depolarized. Similar to our studies of M87, polarimetric constraints reinforce a preference for GRMHD models with dynamically important magnetic fields. Although the spiral morphology of the polarization pattern is known to constrain the spin and inclination angle, the time-variable rotation measure (RM) of Sgr A (equivalent to approximate to 46 degrees +/- 12 degrees rotation at 228 GHz) limits its present utility as a constraint. If we attribute the RM to internal Faraday rotation, then the motion of accreting material is inferred to be counterclockwise, contrary to inferences based on historical polarized flares, and no model satisfies all polarimetric and total intensity constraints. On the other hand, if we attribute the mean RM to an external Faraday screen, then the motion of accreting material is inferred to be clockwise, and one model passes all applied total intensity and polarimetric constraints: a model with strong magnetic fields, a spin parameter of 0.94, and an inclination of 150 degrees. We discuss how future 345 GHz and dynamical imaging will mitigate our present uncertainties and provide additional constraints on the black hole and its accretion flow.
format	Article
author	Akiyama, Kazunori Alberdi, Antxon Alef, Walter Algaba, Juan Carlos Anantua, Richard Asada, Keiichi Azulay, Rebecca Bach, Uwe Baczko, Anne-Kathrin Ball, David Balokovic, Mislav Bandyopadhyay, Bidisha Barrett, John Bauboeck, Michi Benson, Bradford A. Bintley, Dan Blackburn, Lindy Blundell, Raymond Bouman, Katherine L. Bower, Geoffrey C. Boyce, Hope Bremer, Michael Brinkerink, Christiaan D. Brissenden, Roger Britzen, Silke Broderick, Avery E. Broguiere, Dominique Bronzwaer, Thomas Bustamante, Sandra Byun, Do-Young Carlstrom, John E. Ceccobello, Chiara Chael, Andrew Chan, Chi-Kwan Chang, Dominic O. Chatterjee, Koushik Chatterjee, Shami Chen, Ming-Tang Chen, Yongjun Cheng, Xiaopeng Cho, Ilje Christian, Pierre Conroy, Nicholas S. Conway, John E. Cordes, James M. Crawford, Thomas M. Crew, Geoffrey B. Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro Cui, Yuzhu Dahale, Rohan Davelaar, Jordy De Laurentis, Mariafelicia Deane, Roger Dempsey, Jessica Desvignes, Gregory Dexter, Jason Dhruv, Vedant Dihingia, Indu K. Doeleman, Sheperd S. Dougal, Sean Dzib, Sergio A. Eatough, Ralph P. Emami, Razieh Falcke, Heino Farah, Joseph Fish, Vincent L. Fomalont, Edward Ford, H. Alyson Foschi, Marianna Fraga-Encinas, Raquel Freeman, William T. Friberg, Per Fromm, Christian M. Fuentes, Antonio Galison, Peter Gammie, Charles F. Garcia, Roberto Gentaz, Olivier Georgiev, Boris Goddi, Ciriaco Gold, Roman Gomez-Ruiz, Arturo I. Gomez, Jose L. Gu, Minfeng Gurwell, Mark Hada, Kazuhiro Haggard, Daryl Haworth, Kari Hecht, Michael H. Hesper, Ronald Heumann, Dirk Ho, Luis C. Ho, Paul Honma, Mareki Huang, Chih-Wei L. Huang, Lei Hughes, David H. Ikeda, Shiro Impellizzeri, C.M. Violette Inoue, Makoto Issaoun, Sara James, David J. Jannuzi, Buell T. Janssen, Michael Jeter, Britton Jiang, Wu Jimenez-Rosales, Alejandra Johnson, Michael D. Jorstad, Svetlana Joshi, Abhishek V. Jung, Taehyun Karami, Mansour Karuppusamy, Ramesh Kawashima, Tomohisa Keating, Garrett K. Kettenis, Mark Kim, Dong-Jin Kim, Jae-Young Kim, Jongsoo Kim, Junhan Kino, Motoki Koay, Jun Yi Kocherlakota, Prashant Kofuji, Yutaro Koch, Patrick M. Koyama, Shoko Kramer, Carsten Kramer, Joana A. Kramer, Michael Krichbaum, Thomas P. Kuo, Cheng-Yu La Bella, Noemi Lauer, Tod R. Lee, Daeyoung Lee, Sang-Sung Leung, Po Kin Levis, Aviad Li, Zhiyuan Lico, Rocco Lindahl, Greg Lindqvist, Michael Lisakov, Mikhail Liu, Jun Liu, Kuo Liuzzo, Elisabetta Lo, Wen-Ping Lobanov, Andrei P. Loinard, Laurent Lonsdale, Colin J. Lowitz, Amy E. Lu, Ru-Sen MacDonald, Nicholas R. Mao, Jirong Marchili, Nicola Markoff, Sera Marrone, Daniel P. Marscher, Alan P. Marti-Vidal, Ivan Matsushita, Satoki Matthews, Lynn D. Medeiros, Lia Menten, Karl M. Michalik, Daniel Mizuno, Izumi Mizuno, Yosuke Moran, James M. Moriyama, Kotaro Moscibrodzka, Monika Mulaudzi, Wanga Mueller, Cornelia Mueller, Hendrik Mus, Alejandro Musoke, Gibwa Myserlis, Ioannis Nadolski, Andrew Nagai, Hiroshi Nagar, Neil M. Nakamura, Masanori Narayanan, Gopal Natarajan, Iniyan Nathanail, Antonios Navarro Fuentes, Santiago Neilsen, Joey Neri, Roberto Ni, Chunchong Noutsos, Aristeidis Nowak, Michael A. Oh, Junghwan Okino, Hiroki Olivares, Hector Ortiz-Leon, Gisela N. Oyama, Tomoaki Ozel, Feryal Palumbo, Daniel C.M. Paraschos, Georgios Filippos Park, Jongho Parsons, Harriet Patel, Nimesh Pen, Ue-Li Pesce, Dominic W. Pietu, Vincent Plambeck, Richard PopStefanija, Aleksandar Porth, Oliver Poetzl, Felix M. Prather, Ben Preciado-Lopez, Jorge A. Psaltis, Dimitrios Pu, Hung-Yi Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh Rao, Ramprasad Rawlings, Mark G. Raymond, Alexander W. Rezzolla, Luciano Ricarte, Angelo Ripperda, Bart Roelofs, Freek Rogers, Alan Romero-Canizales, Cristina Ros, Eduardo Roshanineshat, Arash Rottmann, Helge Roy, Alan L. Ruiz, Ignacio Ruszczyk, Chet Rygl, Kazi L.J. Sanchez, Salvador Sanchez-Argueelles, David Sanchez-Portal, Miguel Sasada, Mahito Satapathy, Kaushik Savolainen, Tuomas Schloerb, F. Peter Schonfeld, Jonathan Schuster, Karl-Friedrich Shao, Lijing Shen, Zhiqiang Small, Des Sohn, Bong Won SooHoo, Jason Salas, Leon David Sosapanta Souccar, Kamal Stanway, Joshua S. Sun, He Tazaki, Fumie Tetarenko, Alexandra J. Tiede, Paul Tilanus, Remo P.J. Titus, Michael Torne, Pablo Toscano, Teresa Traianou, Efthalia Trent, Tyler Trippe, Sascha Turk, Matthew van Bemmel, Ilse van Langevelde, Huib Jan van Rossum, Daniel R. Vos, Jesse Wagner, Jan Ward-Thompson, Derek Wardle, John Washington, Jasmin E. Weintroub, Jonathan Wharton, Robert Wielgus, Maciek Wiik, Kaj Witzel, Gunther Wondrak, Michael F. Wong, George N. Wu, Qingwen Yadlapalli, Nitika Yamaguchi, Paul Yfantis, Aristomenis Yoon, Doosoo Young, Andre Young, Ken Younsi, Ziri Yu, Wei Yuan, Feng Yuan, Ye-Fei Zensus, J. Anton Zhang, Shuo Zhao, Guang-Yao Zhao, Shan-Shan Najafi-Ziyazi, Mahdi Collaborat, Event Horizon Telescope
author_facet	Akiyama, Kazunori Alberdi, Antxon Alef, Walter Algaba, Juan Carlos Anantua, Richard Asada, Keiichi Azulay, Rebecca Bach, Uwe Baczko, Anne-Kathrin Ball, David Balokovic, Mislav Bandyopadhyay, Bidisha Barrett, John Bauboeck, Michi Benson, Bradford A. Bintley, Dan Blackburn, Lindy Blundell, Raymond Bouman, Katherine L. Bower, Geoffrey C. Boyce, Hope Bremer, Michael Brinkerink, Christiaan D. Brissenden, Roger Britzen, Silke Broderick, Avery E. Broguiere, Dominique Bronzwaer, Thomas Bustamante, Sandra Byun, Do-Young Carlstrom, John E. Ceccobello, Chiara Chael, Andrew Chan, Chi-Kwan Chang, Dominic O. Chatterjee, Koushik Chatterjee, Shami Chen, Ming-Tang Chen, Yongjun Cheng, Xiaopeng Cho, Ilje Christian, Pierre Conroy, Nicholas S. Conway, John E. Cordes, James M. Crawford, Thomas M. Crew, Geoffrey B. Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro Cui, Yuzhu Dahale, Rohan Davelaar, Jordy De Laurentis, Mariafelicia Deane, Roger Dempsey, Jessica Desvignes, Gregory Dexter, Jason Dhruv, Vedant Dihingia, Indu K. Doeleman, Sheperd S. Dougal, Sean Dzib, Sergio A. Eatough, Ralph P. Emami, Razieh Falcke, Heino Farah, Joseph Fish, Vincent L. Fomalont, Edward Ford, H. Alyson Foschi, Marianna Fraga-Encinas, Raquel Freeman, William T. Friberg, Per Fromm, Christian M. Fuentes, Antonio Galison, Peter Gammie, Charles F. Garcia, Roberto Gentaz, Olivier Georgiev, Boris Goddi, Ciriaco Gold, Roman Gomez-Ruiz, Arturo I. Gomez, Jose L. Gu, Minfeng Gurwell, Mark Hada, Kazuhiro Haggard, Daryl Haworth, Kari Hecht, Michael H. Hesper, Ronald Heumann, Dirk Ho, Luis C. Ho, Paul Honma, Mareki Huang, Chih-Wei L. Huang, Lei Hughes, David H. Ikeda, Shiro Impellizzeri, C.M. Violette Inoue, Makoto Issaoun, Sara James, David J. Jannuzi, Buell T. Janssen, Michael Jeter, Britton Jiang, Wu Jimenez-Rosales, Alejandra Johnson, Michael D. Jorstad, Svetlana Joshi, Abhishek V. Jung, Taehyun Karami, Mansour Karuppusamy, Ramesh Kawashima, Tomohisa Keating, Garrett K. Kettenis, Mark Kim, Dong-Jin Kim, Jae-Young Kim, Jongsoo Kim, Junhan Kino, Motoki Koay, Jun Yi Kocherlakota, Prashant Kofuji, Yutaro Koch, Patrick M. Koyama, Shoko Kramer, Carsten Kramer, Joana A. Kramer, Michael Krichbaum, Thomas P. Kuo, Cheng-Yu La Bella, Noemi Lauer, Tod R. Lee, Daeyoung Lee, Sang-Sung Leung, Po Kin Levis, Aviad Li, Zhiyuan Lico, Rocco Lindahl, Greg Lindqvist, Michael Lisakov, Mikhail Liu, Jun Liu, Kuo Liuzzo, Elisabetta Lo, Wen-Ping Lobanov, Andrei P. Loinard, Laurent Lonsdale, Colin J. Lowitz, Amy E. Lu, Ru-Sen MacDonald, Nicholas R. Mao, Jirong Marchili, Nicola Markoff, Sera Marrone, Daniel P. Marscher, Alan P. Marti-Vidal, Ivan Matsushita, Satoki Matthews, Lynn D. Medeiros, Lia Menten, Karl M. Michalik, Daniel Mizuno, Izumi Mizuno, Yosuke Moran, James M. Moriyama, Kotaro Moscibrodzka, Monika Mulaudzi, Wanga Mueller, Cornelia Mueller, Hendrik Mus, Alejandro Musoke, Gibwa Myserlis, Ioannis Nadolski, Andrew Nagai, Hiroshi Nagar, Neil M. Nakamura, Masanori Narayanan, Gopal Natarajan, Iniyan Nathanail, Antonios Navarro Fuentes, Santiago Neilsen, Joey Neri, Roberto Ni, Chunchong Noutsos, Aristeidis Nowak, Michael A. Oh, Junghwan Okino, Hiroki Olivares, Hector Ortiz-Leon, Gisela N. Oyama, Tomoaki Ozel, Feryal Palumbo, Daniel C.M. Paraschos, Georgios Filippos Park, Jongho Parsons, Harriet Patel, Nimesh Pen, Ue-Li Pesce, Dominic W. Pietu, Vincent Plambeck, Richard PopStefanija, Aleksandar Porth, Oliver Poetzl, Felix M. Prather, Ben Preciado-Lopez, Jorge A. Psaltis, Dimitrios Pu, Hung-Yi Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh Rao, Ramprasad Rawlings, Mark G. Raymond, Alexander W. Rezzolla, Luciano Ricarte, Angelo Ripperda, Bart Roelofs, Freek Rogers, Alan Romero-Canizales, Cristina Ros, Eduardo Roshanineshat, Arash Rottmann, Helge Roy, Alan L. Ruiz, Ignacio Ruszczyk, Chet Rygl, Kazi L.J. Sanchez, Salvador Sanchez-Argueelles, David Sanchez-Portal, Miguel Sasada, Mahito Satapathy, Kaushik Savolainen, Tuomas Schloerb, F. Peter Schonfeld, Jonathan Schuster, Karl-Friedrich Shao, Lijing Shen, Zhiqiang Small, Des Sohn, Bong Won SooHoo, Jason Salas, Leon David Sosapanta Souccar, Kamal Stanway, Joshua S. Sun, He Tazaki, Fumie Tetarenko, Alexandra J. Tiede, Paul Tilanus, Remo P.J. Titus, Michael Torne, Pablo Toscano, Teresa Traianou, Efthalia Trent, Tyler Trippe, Sascha Turk, Matthew van Bemmel, Ilse van Langevelde, Huib Jan van Rossum, Daniel R. Vos, Jesse Wagner, Jan Ward-Thompson, Derek Wardle, John Washington, Jasmin E. Weintroub, Jonathan Wharton, Robert Wielgus, Maciek Wiik, Kaj Witzel, Gunther Wondrak, Michael F. Wong, George N. Wu, Qingwen Yadlapalli, Nitika Yamaguchi, Paul Yfantis, Aristomenis Yoon, Doosoo Young, Andre Young, Ken Younsi, Ziri Yu, Wei Yuan, Feng Yuan, Ye-Fei Zensus, J. Anton Zhang, Shuo Zhao, Guang-Yao Zhao, Shan-Shan Najafi-Ziyazi, Mahdi Collaborat, Event Horizon Telescope
author_sort	Akiyama, Kazunori
title	First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. VIII. Physical Interpretation of the Polarized Ring
title_short	First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. VIII. Physical Interpretation of the Polarized Ring
title_full	First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. VIII. Physical Interpretation of the Polarized Ring
title_fullStr	First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. VIII. Physical Interpretation of the Polarized Ring
title_full_unstemmed	First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. VIII. Physical Interpretation of the Polarized Ring
title_sort	first sagittarius a* event horizon telescope results. viii. physical interpretation of the polarized ring
publisher	IOP Publishing
publishDate	2024
url	http://eprints.um.edu.my/45341/ https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad2df1
_version_	1814047543792762880
spelling	my.um.eprints.453412024-10-14T07:28:19Z http://eprints.um.edu.my/45341/ First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. VIII. Physical Interpretation of the Polarized Ring Akiyama, Kazunori Alberdi, Antxon Alef, Walter Algaba, Juan Carlos Anantua, Richard Asada, Keiichi Azulay, Rebecca Bach, Uwe Baczko, Anne-Kathrin Ball, David Balokovic, Mislav Bandyopadhyay, Bidisha Barrett, John Bauboeck, Michi Benson, Bradford A. Bintley, Dan Blackburn, Lindy Blundell, Raymond Bouman, Katherine L. Bower, Geoffrey C. Boyce, Hope Bremer, Michael Brinkerink, Christiaan D. Brissenden, Roger Britzen, Silke Broderick, Avery E. Broguiere, Dominique Bronzwaer, Thomas Bustamante, Sandra Byun, Do-Young Carlstrom, John E. Ceccobello, Chiara Chael, Andrew Chan, Chi-Kwan Chang, Dominic O. Chatterjee, Koushik Chatterjee, Shami Chen, Ming-Tang Chen, Yongjun Cheng, Xiaopeng Cho, Ilje Christian, Pierre Conroy, Nicholas S. Conway, John E. Cordes, James M. Crawford, Thomas M. Crew, Geoffrey B. Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro Cui, Yuzhu Dahale, Rohan Davelaar, Jordy De Laurentis, Mariafelicia Deane, Roger Dempsey, Jessica Desvignes, Gregory Dexter, Jason Dhruv, Vedant Dihingia, Indu K. Doeleman, Sheperd S. Dougal, Sean Dzib, Sergio A. Eatough, Ralph P. Emami, Razieh Falcke, Heino Farah, Joseph Fish, Vincent L. Fomalont, Edward Ford, H. Alyson Foschi, Marianna Fraga-Encinas, Raquel Freeman, William T. Friberg, Per Fromm, Christian M. Fuentes, Antonio Galison, Peter Gammie, Charles F. Garcia, Roberto Gentaz, Olivier Georgiev, Boris Goddi, Ciriaco Gold, Roman Gomez-Ruiz, Arturo I. Gomez, Jose L. Gu, Minfeng Gurwell, Mark Hada, Kazuhiro Haggard, Daryl Haworth, Kari Hecht, Michael H. Hesper, Ronald Heumann, Dirk Ho, Luis C. Ho, Paul Honma, Mareki Huang, Chih-Wei L. Huang, Lei Hughes, David H. Ikeda, Shiro Impellizzeri, C.M. Violette Inoue, Makoto Issaoun, Sara James, David J. Jannuzi, Buell T. Janssen, Michael Jeter, Britton Jiang, Wu Jimenez-Rosales, Alejandra Johnson, Michael D. Jorstad, Svetlana Joshi, Abhishek V. Jung, Taehyun Karami, Mansour Karuppusamy, Ramesh Kawashima, Tomohisa Keating, Garrett K. Kettenis, Mark Kim, Dong-Jin Kim, Jae-Young Kim, Jongsoo Kim, Junhan Kino, Motoki Koay, Jun Yi Kocherlakota, Prashant Kofuji, Yutaro Koch, Patrick M. Koyama, Shoko Kramer, Carsten Kramer, Joana A. Kramer, Michael Krichbaum, Thomas P. Kuo, Cheng-Yu La Bella, Noemi Lauer, Tod R. Lee, Daeyoung Lee, Sang-Sung Leung, Po Kin Levis, Aviad Li, Zhiyuan Lico, Rocco Lindahl, Greg Lindqvist, Michael Lisakov, Mikhail Liu, Jun Liu, Kuo Liuzzo, Elisabetta Lo, Wen-Ping Lobanov, Andrei P. Loinard, Laurent Lonsdale, Colin J. Lowitz, Amy E. Lu, Ru-Sen MacDonald, Nicholas R. Mao, Jirong Marchili, Nicola Markoff, Sera Marrone, Daniel P. Marscher, Alan P. Marti-Vidal, Ivan Matsushita, Satoki Matthews, Lynn D. Medeiros, Lia Menten, Karl M. Michalik, Daniel Mizuno, Izumi Mizuno, Yosuke Moran, James M. Moriyama, Kotaro Moscibrodzka, Monika Mulaudzi, Wanga Mueller, Cornelia Mueller, Hendrik Mus, Alejandro Musoke, Gibwa Myserlis, Ioannis Nadolski, Andrew Nagai, Hiroshi Nagar, Neil M. Nakamura, Masanori Narayanan, Gopal Natarajan, Iniyan Nathanail, Antonios Navarro Fuentes, Santiago Neilsen, Joey Neri, Roberto Ni, Chunchong Noutsos, Aristeidis Nowak, Michael A. Oh, Junghwan Okino, Hiroki Olivares, Hector Ortiz-Leon, Gisela N. Oyama, Tomoaki Ozel, Feryal Palumbo, Daniel C.M. Paraschos, Georgios Filippos Park, Jongho Parsons, Harriet Patel, Nimesh Pen, Ue-Li Pesce, Dominic W. Pietu, Vincent Plambeck, Richard PopStefanija, Aleksandar Porth, Oliver Poetzl, Felix M. Prather, Ben Preciado-Lopez, Jorge A. Psaltis, Dimitrios Pu, Hung-Yi Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh Rao, Ramprasad Rawlings, Mark G. Raymond, Alexander W. Rezzolla, Luciano Ricarte, Angelo Ripperda, Bart Roelofs, Freek Rogers, Alan Romero-Canizales, Cristina Ros, Eduardo Roshanineshat, Arash Rottmann, Helge Roy, Alan L. Ruiz, Ignacio Ruszczyk, Chet Rygl, Kazi L.J. Sanchez, Salvador Sanchez-Argueelles, David Sanchez-Portal, Miguel Sasada, Mahito Satapathy, Kaushik Savolainen, Tuomas Schloerb, F. Peter Schonfeld, Jonathan Schuster, Karl-Friedrich Shao, Lijing Shen, Zhiqiang Small, Des Sohn, Bong Won SooHoo, Jason Salas, Leon David Sosapanta Souccar, Kamal Stanway, Joshua S. Sun, He Tazaki, Fumie Tetarenko, Alexandra J. Tiede, Paul Tilanus, Remo P.J. Titus, Michael Torne, Pablo Toscano, Teresa Traianou, Efthalia Trent, Tyler Trippe, Sascha Turk, Matthew van Bemmel, Ilse van Langevelde, Huib Jan van Rossum, Daniel R. Vos, Jesse Wagner, Jan Ward-Thompson, Derek Wardle, John Washington, Jasmin E. Weintroub, Jonathan Wharton, Robert Wielgus, Maciek Wiik, Kaj Witzel, Gunther Wondrak, Michael F. Wong, George N. Wu, Qingwen Yadlapalli, Nitika Yamaguchi, Paul Yfantis, Aristomenis Yoon, Doosoo Young, Andre Young, Ken Younsi, Ziri Yu, Wei Yuan, Feng Yuan, Ye-Fei Zensus, J. Anton Zhang, Shuo Zhao, Guang-Yao Zhao, Shan-Shan Najafi-Ziyazi, Mahdi Collaborat, Event Horizon Telescope QC Physics In a companion paper, we present the first spatially resolved polarized image of Sagittarius A* on event horizon scales, captured using the Event Horizon Telescope, a global very long baseline interferometric array operating at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. Here we interpret this image using both simple analytic models and numerical general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations. The large spatially resolved linear polarization fraction (24%-28%, peaking at similar to 40%) is the most stringent constraint on parameter space, disfavoring models that are too Faraday depolarized. Similar to our studies of M87, polarimetric constraints reinforce a preference for GRMHD models with dynamically important magnetic fields. Although the spiral morphology of the polarization pattern is known to constrain the spin and inclination angle, the time-variable rotation measure (RM) of Sgr A (equivalent to approximate to 46 degrees +/- 12 degrees rotation at 228 GHz) limits its present utility as a constraint. If we attribute the RM to internal Faraday rotation, then the motion of accreting material is inferred to be counterclockwise, contrary to inferences based on historical polarized flares, and no model satisfies all polarimetric and total intensity constraints. On the other hand, if we attribute the mean RM to an external Faraday screen, then the motion of accreting material is inferred to be clockwise, and one model passes all applied total intensity and polarimetric constraints: a model with strong magnetic fields, a spin parameter of 0.94, and an inclination of 150 degrees. We discuss how future 345 GHz and dynamical imaging will mitigate our present uncertainties and provide additional constraints on the black hole and its accretion flow. IOP Publishing 2024-04 Article PeerReviewed Akiyama, Kazunori and Alberdi, Antxon and Alef, Walter and Algaba, Juan Carlos and Anantua, Richard and Asada, Keiichi and Azulay, Rebecca and Bach, Uwe and Baczko, Anne-Kathrin and Ball, David and Balokovic, Mislav and Bandyopadhyay, Bidisha and Barrett, John and Bauboeck, Michi and Benson, Bradford A. and Bintley, Dan and Blackburn, Lindy and Blundell, Raymond and Bouman, Katherine L. and Bower, Geoffrey C. and Boyce, Hope and Bremer, Michael and Brinkerink, Christiaan D. and Brissenden, Roger and Britzen, Silke and Broderick, Avery E. and Broguiere, Dominique and Bronzwaer, Thomas and Bustamante, Sandra and Byun, Do-Young and Carlstrom, John E. and Ceccobello, Chiara and Chael, Andrew and Chan, Chi-Kwan and Chang, Dominic O. and Chatterjee, Koushik and Chatterjee, Shami and Chen, Ming-Tang and Chen, Yongjun and Cheng, Xiaopeng and Cho, Ilje and Christian, Pierre and Conroy, Nicholas S. and Conway, John E. and Cordes, James M. and Crawford, Thomas M. and Crew, Geoffrey B. and Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro and Cui, Yuzhu and Dahale, Rohan and Davelaar, Jordy and De Laurentis, Mariafelicia and Deane, Roger and Dempsey, Jessica and Desvignes, Gregory and Dexter, Jason and Dhruv, Vedant and Dihingia, Indu K. and Doeleman, Sheperd S. and Dougal, Sean and Dzib, Sergio A. and Eatough, Ralph P. and Emami, Razieh and Falcke, Heino and Farah, Joseph and Fish, Vincent L. and Fomalont, Edward and Ford, H. Alyson and Foschi, Marianna and Fraga-Encinas, Raquel and Freeman, William T. and Friberg, Per and Fromm, Christian M. and Fuentes, Antonio and Galison, Peter and Gammie, Charles F. and Garcia, Roberto and Gentaz, Olivier and Georgiev, Boris and Goddi, Ciriaco and Gold, Roman and Gomez-Ruiz, Arturo I. and Gomez, Jose L. and Gu, Minfeng and Gurwell, Mark and Hada, Kazuhiro and Haggard, Daryl and Haworth, Kari and Hecht, Michael H. and Hesper, Ronald and Heumann, Dirk and Ho, Luis C. and Ho, Paul and Honma, Mareki and Huang, Chih-Wei L. and Huang, Lei and Hughes, David H. and Ikeda, Shiro and Impellizzeri, C.M. Violette and Inoue, Makoto and Issaoun, Sara and James, David J. and Jannuzi, Buell T. and Janssen, Michael and Jeter, Britton and Jiang, Wu and Jimenez-Rosales, Alejandra and Johnson, Michael D. and Jorstad, Svetlana and Joshi, Abhishek V. and Jung, Taehyun and Karami, Mansour and Karuppusamy, Ramesh and Kawashima, Tomohisa and Keating, Garrett K. and Kettenis, Mark and Kim, Dong-Jin and Kim, Jae-Young and Kim, Jongsoo and Kim, Junhan and Kino, Motoki and Koay, Jun Yi and Kocherlakota, Prashant and Kofuji, Yutaro and Koch, Patrick M. and Koyama, Shoko and Kramer, Carsten and Kramer, Joana A. and Kramer, Michael and Krichbaum, Thomas P. and Kuo, Cheng-Yu and La Bella, Noemi and Lauer, Tod R. and Lee, Daeyoung and Lee, Sang-Sung and Leung, Po Kin and Levis, Aviad and Li, Zhiyuan and Lico, Rocco and Lindahl, Greg and Lindqvist, Michael and Lisakov, Mikhail and Liu, Jun and Liu, Kuo and Liuzzo, Elisabetta and Lo, Wen-Ping and Lobanov, Andrei P. and Loinard, Laurent and Lonsdale, Colin J. and Lowitz, Amy E. and Lu, Ru-Sen and MacDonald, Nicholas R. and Mao, Jirong and Marchili, Nicola and Markoff, Sera and Marrone, Daniel P. and Marscher, Alan P. and Marti-Vidal, Ivan and Matsushita, Satoki and Matthews, Lynn D. and Medeiros, Lia and Menten, Karl M. and Michalik, Daniel and Mizuno, Izumi and Mizuno, Yosuke and Moran, James M. and Moriyama, Kotaro and Moscibrodzka, Monika and Mulaudzi, Wanga and Mueller, Cornelia and Mueller, Hendrik and Mus, Alejandro and Musoke, Gibwa and Myserlis, Ioannis and Nadolski, Andrew and Nagai, Hiroshi and Nagar, Neil M. and Nakamura, Masanori and Narayanan, Gopal and Natarajan, Iniyan and Nathanail, Antonios and Navarro Fuentes, Santiago and Neilsen, Joey and Neri, Roberto and Ni, Chunchong and Noutsos, Aristeidis and Nowak, Michael A. and Oh, Junghwan and Okino, Hiroki and Olivares, Hector and Ortiz-Leon, Gisela N. and Oyama, Tomoaki and Ozel, Feryal and Palumbo, Daniel C.M. and Paraschos, Georgios Filippos and Park, Jongho and Parsons, Harriet and Patel, Nimesh and Pen, Ue-Li and Pesce, Dominic W. and Pietu, Vincent and Plambeck, Richard and PopStefanija, Aleksandar and Porth, Oliver and Poetzl, Felix M. and Prather, Ben and Preciado-Lopez, Jorge A. and Psaltis, Dimitrios and Pu, Hung-Yi and Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh and Rao, Ramprasad and Rawlings, Mark G. and Raymond, Alexander W. and Rezzolla, Luciano and Ricarte, Angelo and Ripperda, Bart and Roelofs, Freek and Rogers, Alan and Romero-Canizales, Cristina and Ros, Eduardo and Roshanineshat, Arash and Rottmann, Helge and Roy, Alan L. and Ruiz, Ignacio and Ruszczyk, Chet and Rygl, Kazi L.J. and Sanchez, Salvador and Sanchez-Argueelles, David and Sanchez-Portal, Miguel and Sasada, Mahito and Satapathy, Kaushik and Savolainen, Tuomas and Schloerb, F. Peter and Schonfeld, Jonathan and Schuster, Karl-Friedrich and Shao, Lijing and Shen, Zhiqiang and Small, Des and Sohn, Bong Won and SooHoo, Jason and Salas, Leon David Sosapanta and Souccar, Kamal and Stanway, Joshua S. and Sun, He and Tazaki, Fumie and Tetarenko, Alexandra J. and Tiede, Paul and Tilanus, Remo P.J. and Titus, Michael and Torne, Pablo and Toscano, Teresa and Traianou, Efthalia and Trent, Tyler and Trippe, Sascha and Turk, Matthew and van Bemmel, Ilse and van Langevelde, Huib Jan and van Rossum, Daniel R. and Vos, Jesse and Wagner, Jan and Ward-Thompson, Derek and Wardle, John and Washington, Jasmin E. and Weintroub, Jonathan and Wharton, Robert and Wielgus, Maciek and Wiik, Kaj and Witzel, Gunther and Wondrak, Michael F. and Wong, George N. and Wu, Qingwen and Yadlapalli, Nitika and Yamaguchi, Paul and Yfantis, Aristomenis and Yoon, Doosoo and Young, Andre and Young, Ken and Younsi, Ziri and Yu, Wei and Yuan, Feng and Yuan, Ye-Fei and Zensus, J. Anton and Zhang, Shuo and Zhao, Guang-Yao and Zhao, Shan-Shan and Najafi-Ziyazi, Mahdi and Collaborat, Event Horizon Telescope (2024) First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. VIII. Physical Interpretation of the Polarized Ring. Astrophysical Journal Letters, 964 (2). L26. ISSN 2041-8205, DOI https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad2df1 <https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad2df1>. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad2df1 10.3847/2041-8213/ad2df1
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First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. VIII. Physical Interpretation of the Polarized Ring

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