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Recycling Bayer and sintering red muds in brick production: A review

Red mud (RM) is a solid waste generated from the extraction of alumina from bauxite. It is estimated that more than 1.5 billion tonnes of RM are produced annually worldwide. Stockpiling and landfilling of RM is toxic for the environment due to the presence of high quantities of alkali-generating min...

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Main Authors: Xiao, Yu-jia, Tiong, Michelle, Mo, Kim Hung, Guo, Ming-zhi, Ling, Tung-chai
Format: Article
Published: Zhejiang University Press 2022
Subjects:
TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)
Online Access:http://eprints.um.edu.my/42249/
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spelling my.um.eprints.422492023-10-13T06:07:09Z http://eprints.um.edu.my/42249/ Recycling Bayer and sintering red muds in brick production: A review Xiao, Yu-jia Tiong, Michelle Mo, Kim Hung Guo, Ming-zhi Ling, Tung-chai TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) Red mud (RM) is a solid waste generated from the extraction of alumina from bauxite. It is estimated that more than 1.5 billion tonnes of RM are produced annually worldwide. Stockpiling and landfilling of RM is toxic for the environment due to the presence of high quantities of alkali-generating minerals and metal ions. The high cost of RM treatment and limited land availability encourage the recycling and reuse of RM as construction materials. In many developing countries, brick remains the ubiquitous building material. Thus, it is reasonable to use brick as a medium to accommodate a large amount of RM. In this review, the properties of RM are analyzed and their applications in bricks are discussed. Two common types of RM, namely Bayer red mud (BRM) and sintering red mud (SRM), are introduced along with the methods to produce bricks from them through firing, cementing, and geopolymerization. High alkaline-based BRM is particularly useful as a raw material to produce fired brick and geopolymer brick, whereas SRM, which contains more dicalcium silicate (C2S) and some cementitious phases, can be favorably used to produce cementing brick. RM geopolymer brick normally has more strength (up to 51 MPa) than fired and cementing bricks, and good durability (no efflorescence) with low energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Finally, several solutions have been suggested to resolve the issue of the radioactivity of RM brick, and strict regulation of its application has been imposed in some countries, such as China. Zhejiang University Press 2022-05 Article PeerReviewed Xiao, Yu-jia and Tiong, Michelle and Mo, Kim Hung and Guo, Ming-zhi and Ling, Tung-chai (2022) Recycling Bayer and sintering red muds in brick production: A review. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A, 23 (5). pp. 335-357. ISSN 1673-565X, DOI https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A2100476 <https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A2100476>. 10.1631/jzus.A2100476
institution Universiti Malaya
building UM Library
collection Institutional Repository
continent Asia
country Malaysia
content_provider Universiti Malaya
content_source UM Research Repository
url_provider http://eprints.um.edu.my/
topic TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)
spellingShingle TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)
Xiao, Yu-jia
Tiong, Michelle
Mo, Kim Hung
Guo, Ming-zhi
Ling, Tung-chai
Recycling Bayer and sintering red muds in brick production: A review
description Red mud (RM) is a solid waste generated from the extraction of alumina from bauxite. It is estimated that more than 1.5 billion tonnes of RM are produced annually worldwide. Stockpiling and landfilling of RM is toxic for the environment due to the presence of high quantities of alkali-generating minerals and metal ions. The high cost of RM treatment and limited land availability encourage the recycling and reuse of RM as construction materials. In many developing countries, brick remains the ubiquitous building material. Thus, it is reasonable to use brick as a medium to accommodate a large amount of RM. In this review, the properties of RM are analyzed and their applications in bricks are discussed. Two common types of RM, namely Bayer red mud (BRM) and sintering red mud (SRM), are introduced along with the methods to produce bricks from them through firing, cementing, and geopolymerization. High alkaline-based BRM is particularly useful as a raw material to produce fired brick and geopolymer brick, whereas SRM, which contains more dicalcium silicate (C2S) and some cementitious phases, can be favorably used to produce cementing brick. RM geopolymer brick normally has more strength (up to 51 MPa) than fired and cementing bricks, and good durability (no efflorescence) with low energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Finally, several solutions have been suggested to resolve the issue of the radioactivity of RM brick, and strict regulation of its application has been imposed in some countries, such as China.
format Article
author Xiao, Yu-jia
Tiong, Michelle
Mo, Kim Hung
Guo, Ming-zhi
Ling, Tung-chai
author_facet Xiao, Yu-jia
Tiong, Michelle
Mo, Kim Hung
Guo, Ming-zhi
Ling, Tung-chai
author_sort Xiao, Yu-jia
title Recycling Bayer and sintering red muds in brick production: A review
title_short Recycling Bayer and sintering red muds in brick production: A review
title_full Recycling Bayer and sintering red muds in brick production: A review
title_fullStr Recycling Bayer and sintering red muds in brick production: A review
title_full_unstemmed Recycling Bayer and sintering red muds in brick production: A review
title_sort recycling bayer and sintering red muds in brick production: a review
publisher Zhejiang University Press
publishDate 2022
url http://eprints.um.edu.my/42249/
_version_ 1781704615908081664
score 13.211869

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