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Antioxidants, toxicity, and nitric oxide inhibition properties of pyroligneous acid from Palm kernel shell biomass

Huge volumes of lignocellulosic biomass residues generated from agricultural activities such as oil palm biomass pose great environmental threats if improperly treated. In this study, pyroligneous acid (PA) obtained from slow pyrolysis of palm kernel shell (PKS) were evaluated for its antioxidant ac...

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Main Authors:	Mahmud, Khoirun Nisa, Mohd Hashim, Najihah, Ani, Farid Nasir, Zakaria, Zainul Akmar
Format:	Article
Published:	Springer Netherlands 2020
Subjects:	R Medicine (General) TP Chemical technology
Online Access:	http://eprints.um.edu.my/37258/
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spelling	my.um.eprints.372582023-03-08T07:30:20Z http://eprints.um.edu.my/37258/ Antioxidants, toxicity, and nitric oxide inhibition properties of pyroligneous acid from Palm kernel shell biomass Mahmud, Khoirun Nisa Mohd Hashim, Najihah Ani, Farid Nasir Zakaria, Zainul Akmar R Medicine (General) TP Chemical technology Huge volumes of lignocellulosic biomass residues generated from agricultural activities such as oil palm biomass pose great environmental threats if improperly treated. In this study, pyroligneous acid (PA) obtained from slow pyrolysis of palm kernel shell (PKS) were evaluated for its antioxidant activity via chemical assays, toxicity, and potential as anti-inflammatory agent based on nitric oxide (NO) inhibition activity. The PA was extracted using ethyl acetate (EA) and fractionated using column chromatography. Fractions 13-17 that contain highest total phenolic contents (866.84 +/- 54.28 mu g GAE/mg) were chosen for subsequent studies. Results obtained were as follows; DPPH-75.34 +/- 3.40%, TEAC-1346.48 +/- 5.29 mu g Trolox/mg, FRAP-11.80 +/- 0.41 mmol Fe(II)/mg, hydroxyl radical scavenging-IC50 270.34 +/- 4.88 mu g/mL, superoxide radical scavenging-IC50 472.32 +/- 1.87 mu g/mL, cytotoxicity after 24 h at less than 50 mu g/mL-cell viability of >= 93.08% for RAW 264.7 macrophage cell and anti-inflammatory activity with NO production of 6.55% after 24 h at sample concentration of 25 mu g/mL. From the GC-MS analysis, phenols and derivatives were identified as major compound (83.24%) followed by esters (11.23%), and ketones (5.53%). The present of phenolic compounds namely benzene-1,2-diol, catechol (35.01%), 1,3-dimethoxy-2-hydroxybenzene, syringol (23.81%), and other catechol derivatives can be attributed to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities determined. This study has successfully demonstrated the potential use of PA obtained from PKS as alternative antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. GRAPHICS] Springer Netherlands 2020-11 Article PeerReviewed Mahmud, Khoirun Nisa and Mohd Hashim, Najihah and Ani, Farid Nasir and Zakaria, Zainul Akmar (2020) Antioxidants, toxicity, and nitric oxide inhibition properties of pyroligneous acid from Palm kernel shell biomass. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 11 (11). pp. 6307-6319. ISSN 1877-2641, DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-019-00857-w <https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-019-00857-w>. 10.1007/s12649-019-00857-w
institution	Universiti Malaya
building	UM Library
collection	Institutional Repository
continent	Asia
country	Malaysia
content_provider	Universiti Malaya
content_source	UM Research Repository
url_provider	http://eprints.um.edu.my/
topic	R Medicine (General) TP Chemical technology
spellingShingle	R Medicine (General) TP Chemical technology Mahmud, Khoirun Nisa Mohd Hashim, Najihah Ani, Farid Nasir Zakaria, Zainul Akmar Antioxidants, toxicity, and nitric oxide inhibition properties of pyroligneous acid from Palm kernel shell biomass
description	Huge volumes of lignocellulosic biomass residues generated from agricultural activities such as oil palm biomass pose great environmental threats if improperly treated. In this study, pyroligneous acid (PA) obtained from slow pyrolysis of palm kernel shell (PKS) were evaluated for its antioxidant activity via chemical assays, toxicity, and potential as anti-inflammatory agent based on nitric oxide (NO) inhibition activity. The PA was extracted using ethyl acetate (EA) and fractionated using column chromatography. Fractions 13-17 that contain highest total phenolic contents (866.84 +/- 54.28 mu g GAE/mg) were chosen for subsequent studies. Results obtained were as follows; DPPH-75.34 +/- 3.40%, TEAC-1346.48 +/- 5.29 mu g Trolox/mg, FRAP-11.80 +/- 0.41 mmol Fe(II)/mg, hydroxyl radical scavenging-IC50 270.34 +/- 4.88 mu g/mL, superoxide radical scavenging-IC50 472.32 +/- 1.87 mu g/mL, cytotoxicity after 24 h at less than 50 mu g/mL-cell viability of >= 93.08% for RAW 264.7 macrophage cell and anti-inflammatory activity with NO production of 6.55% after 24 h at sample concentration of 25 mu g/mL. From the GC-MS analysis, phenols and derivatives were identified as major compound (83.24%) followed by esters (11.23%), and ketones (5.53%). The present of phenolic compounds namely benzene-1,2-diol, catechol (35.01%), 1,3-dimethoxy-2-hydroxybenzene, syringol (23.81%), and other catechol derivatives can be attributed to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities determined. This study has successfully demonstrated the potential use of PA obtained from PKS as alternative antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. GRAPHICS]
format	Article
author	Mahmud, Khoirun Nisa Mohd Hashim, Najihah Ani, Farid Nasir Zakaria, Zainul Akmar
author_facet	Mahmud, Khoirun Nisa Mohd Hashim, Najihah Ani, Farid Nasir Zakaria, Zainul Akmar
author_sort	Mahmud, Khoirun Nisa
title	Antioxidants, toxicity, and nitric oxide inhibition properties of pyroligneous acid from Palm kernel shell biomass
title_short	Antioxidants, toxicity, and nitric oxide inhibition properties of pyroligneous acid from Palm kernel shell biomass
title_full	Antioxidants, toxicity, and nitric oxide inhibition properties of pyroligneous acid from Palm kernel shell biomass
title_fullStr	Antioxidants, toxicity, and nitric oxide inhibition properties of pyroligneous acid from Palm kernel shell biomass
title_full_unstemmed	Antioxidants, toxicity, and nitric oxide inhibition properties of pyroligneous acid from Palm kernel shell biomass
title_sort	antioxidants, toxicity, and nitric oxide inhibition properties of pyroligneous acid from palm kernel shell biomass
publisher	Springer Netherlands
publishDate	2020
url	http://eprints.um.edu.my/37258/
_version_	1761616814773633024
score	13.211869

Antioxidants, toxicity, and nitric oxide inhibition properties of pyroligneous acid from Palm kernel shell biomass

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