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Characteristics, Emission Sources, and Risk Factors of Heavy Metals in PM2.5 from Southern Malaysia

Exposure to fine particulate-bound toxic metals in ambient air poses adverse effects to human. This study aims to determine the spatial variability in heavy metals in PM2.5, samples, for identifying their potential sources and to perform health risk modelling. PM2.5 samples were collected using a hi...

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Main Authors: Alias, Nor Fathiah, Khan, Md Firoz, Sairi, Nor Asrina, Md Zain, Sharifuddin, Suradi, Hamidah, Ab Rahim, Haasyimah, Banerjee, Tirthankar, Bari, Md Aynul, Othman, Murnira, Latif, Mohd Talib
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Published: Amer Chemical SOC 2020
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QD Chemistry
Online Access:http://eprints.um.edu.my/36480/
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spelling my.um.eprints.364802023-12-30T14:18:12Z http://eprints.um.edu.my/36480/ Characteristics, Emission Sources, and Risk Factors of Heavy Metals in PM2.5 from Southern Malaysia Alias, Nor Fathiah Khan, Md Firoz Sairi, Nor Asrina Md Zain, Sharifuddin Suradi, Hamidah Ab Rahim, Haasyimah Banerjee, Tirthankar Bari, Md Aynul Othman, Murnira Latif, Mohd Talib QD Chemistry Exposure to fine particulate-bound toxic metals in ambient air poses adverse effects to human. This study aims to determine the spatial variability in heavy metals in PM2.5, samples, for identifying their potential sources and to perform health risk modelling. PM2.5 samples were collected using a high-volume sampler on a 24 h basis from three sites in Johor areas in Malaysia from January to March 2019. Metals were initially extracted using microwave-assisted digestion and the metal concentrations were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. Overall, the abundant metals in PM2.5 among the metals analyzed were Zn with mean 29.92 ng/m(3 )and Se with mean 27.02 ng/m(3). The sources of PM-bound metals were identified using absolute principal component score with multiple linear regression. The major contribution was noted from vehicle emission (41%). Other potential sources for the metals in PM2.5 were from coal-fired power plants (34%) and oil refineries and industrial emission (4%), leaving 22% of metals undefined. From the health risk analysis, the hazard quotient (HQ) and excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) values of the metals were within the tolerance level. The trend for HQ values was Co < Zn < Pb < Cu < Ni < As for adolescents and Co < Zn < Cu < Pb < Ni < As for adult age, whereas for ELCR values, the trends were the same for both adolescent and adult age groups as Pb < Ni < As. Few of the toxic metals showed comparatively high HQ values that might be a risk in long-term exposure. Considering the highest noted contribution from vehicular emissions, it is advised to raise public awareness to practice carpooling and use public transportation to reduce emissions from vehicular sources. Amer Chemical SOC 2020-08 Article PeerReviewed Alias, Nor Fathiah and Khan, Md Firoz and Sairi, Nor Asrina and Md Zain, Sharifuddin and Suradi, Hamidah and Ab Rahim, Haasyimah and Banerjee, Tirthankar and Bari, Md Aynul and Othman, Murnira and Latif, Mohd Talib (2020) Characteristics, Emission Sources, and Risk Factors of Heavy Metals in PM2.5 from Southern Malaysia. ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, 4 (8). pp. 1309-1323. ISSN 24723452, DOI https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00103 <https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00103>. 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00103
institution Universiti Malaya
building UM Library
collection Institutional Repository
continent Asia
country Malaysia
content_provider Universiti Malaya
content_source UM Research Repository
url_provider http://eprints.um.edu.my/
topic QD Chemistry
spellingShingle QD Chemistry
Alias, Nor Fathiah
Khan, Md Firoz
Sairi, Nor Asrina
Md Zain, Sharifuddin
Suradi, Hamidah
Ab Rahim, Haasyimah
Banerjee, Tirthankar
Bari, Md Aynul
Othman, Murnira
Latif, Mohd Talib
Characteristics, Emission Sources, and Risk Factors of Heavy Metals in PM2.5 from Southern Malaysia
description Exposure to fine particulate-bound toxic metals in ambient air poses adverse effects to human. This study aims to determine the spatial variability in heavy metals in PM2.5, samples, for identifying their potential sources and to perform health risk modelling. PM2.5 samples were collected using a high-volume sampler on a 24 h basis from three sites in Johor areas in Malaysia from January to March 2019. Metals were initially extracted using microwave-assisted digestion and the metal concentrations were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. Overall, the abundant metals in PM2.5 among the metals analyzed were Zn with mean 29.92 ng/m(3 )and Se with mean 27.02 ng/m(3). The sources of PM-bound metals were identified using absolute principal component score with multiple linear regression. The major contribution was noted from vehicle emission (41%). Other potential sources for the metals in PM2.5 were from coal-fired power plants (34%) and oil refineries and industrial emission (4%), leaving 22% of metals undefined. From the health risk analysis, the hazard quotient (HQ) and excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) values of the metals were within the tolerance level. The trend for HQ values was Co < Zn < Pb < Cu < Ni < As for adolescents and Co < Zn < Cu < Pb < Ni < As for adult age, whereas for ELCR values, the trends were the same for both adolescent and adult age groups as Pb < Ni < As. Few of the toxic metals showed comparatively high HQ values that might be a risk in long-term exposure. Considering the highest noted contribution from vehicular emissions, it is advised to raise public awareness to practice carpooling and use public transportation to reduce emissions from vehicular sources.
format Article
author Alias, Nor Fathiah
Khan, Md Firoz
Sairi, Nor Asrina
Md Zain, Sharifuddin
Suradi, Hamidah
Ab Rahim, Haasyimah
Banerjee, Tirthankar
Bari, Md Aynul
Othman, Murnira
Latif, Mohd Talib
author_facet Alias, Nor Fathiah
Khan, Md Firoz
Sairi, Nor Asrina
Md Zain, Sharifuddin
Suradi, Hamidah
Ab Rahim, Haasyimah
Banerjee, Tirthankar
Bari, Md Aynul
Othman, Murnira
Latif, Mohd Talib
author_sort Alias, Nor Fathiah
title Characteristics, Emission Sources, and Risk Factors of Heavy Metals in PM2.5 from Southern Malaysia
title_short Characteristics, Emission Sources, and Risk Factors of Heavy Metals in PM2.5 from Southern Malaysia
title_full Characteristics, Emission Sources, and Risk Factors of Heavy Metals in PM2.5 from Southern Malaysia
title_fullStr Characteristics, Emission Sources, and Risk Factors of Heavy Metals in PM2.5 from Southern Malaysia
title_full_unstemmed Characteristics, Emission Sources, and Risk Factors of Heavy Metals in PM2.5 from Southern Malaysia
title_sort characteristics, emission sources, and risk factors of heavy metals in pm2.5 from southern malaysia
publisher Amer Chemical SOC
publishDate 2020
url http://eprints.um.edu.my/36480/
_version_ 1787133823596625920
score 13.211869

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