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A comprehensive study on torrefaction of empty fruit bunches: Characterization of solid, liquid and gas products

Empty fruit bunches (EFB), after fruits-bunches separation, are highly potential as an energy source. However, due to some inherited inferior fuel properties such as bulk density, hydrophobicity, moisture content and calorific value (CV), pretreatment is required before EFB can be utilized as a soli...

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Main Authors:	Sukiran, Mohamad Azri, Daud, Wan Mohd Ashri Wan, Abnisa, Faisal, Nasrin, Abu Bakar, Aziz, Astimar Abdul, Loh, Soh Kheang
Format:	Article
Published:	Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd 2021
Subjects:	TP Chemical technology
Online Access:	http://eprints.um.edu.my/28188/
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spelling	my.um.eprints.281882022-07-20T01:59:46Z http://eprints.um.edu.my/28188/ A comprehensive study on torrefaction of empty fruit bunches: Characterization of solid, liquid and gas products Sukiran, Mohamad Azri Daud, Wan Mohd Ashri Wan Abnisa, Faisal Nasrin, Abu Bakar Aziz, Astimar Abdul Loh, Soh Kheang TP Chemical technology Empty fruit bunches (EFB), after fruits-bunches separation, are highly potential as an energy source. However, due to some inherited inferior fuel properties such as bulk density, hydrophobicity, moisture content and calorific value (CV), pretreatment is required before EFB can be utilized as a solid fuel. Torrefaction is promising to upgrade EFB fuel properties, and thorough products characterization is essential to reveal process mechanism and potential application. In this study, the effects of temperature (225-300 degrees C) and retention time (20-60 min) on EFB torrefaction were investigated in a fixed bed reactor. While an increased temperature and retention time had led to a lower energy and mass of solid yields, the liquid and gaseous yields showed otherwise. The oppositely reduced O (37%) and increased C (45%) contents of torrefied EFB with increasing temperature, and the resulting decrease in O/C ratio, and H and O contents, had greatly improved the CV of the torrefied solid up to 46% compared to its raw form. In addition, the chlorine content was significantly reduced (21-54%) after torrefaction. Both the raw and torrefied solid EFB showed a strong thermal degradation of hemicellulose with lower decomposition rate of the latter due to mass depletion during torrefaction. Oxygen removal from EFB during torrefaction migrated to the liquid and gaseous products, most dominant as water and CO2, followed by CO and oxygen-containing organic compounds. The liquid product consisted of condensable components; water (main) and functionalised compounds, among which were acids (as relatively higher concentration), furans, ketones, alcohols and phenols. The gaseous product was dominated by CO2 and CO in all torrefaction conditions. The findings contribute partly as biomass resource database for future bioenergy upscaling and deployment. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd 2021-09-01 Article PeerReviewed Sukiran, Mohamad Azri and Daud, Wan Mohd Ashri Wan and Abnisa, Faisal and Nasrin, Abu Bakar and Aziz, Astimar Abdul and Loh, Soh Kheang (2021) A comprehensive study on torrefaction of empty fruit bunches: Characterization of solid, liquid and gas products. Energy, 230. ISSN 0360-5442, DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.120877 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.120877>. 10.1016/j.energy.2021.120877
institution	Universiti Malaya
building	UM Library
collection	Institutional Repository
continent	Asia
country	Malaysia
content_provider	Universiti Malaya
content_source	UM Research Repository
url_provider	http://eprints.um.edu.my/
topic	TP Chemical technology
spellingShingle	TP Chemical technology Sukiran, Mohamad Azri Daud, Wan Mohd Ashri Wan Abnisa, Faisal Nasrin, Abu Bakar Aziz, Astimar Abdul Loh, Soh Kheang A comprehensive study on torrefaction of empty fruit bunches: Characterization of solid, liquid and gas products
description	Empty fruit bunches (EFB), after fruits-bunches separation, are highly potential as an energy source. However, due to some inherited inferior fuel properties such as bulk density, hydrophobicity, moisture content and calorific value (CV), pretreatment is required before EFB can be utilized as a solid fuel. Torrefaction is promising to upgrade EFB fuel properties, and thorough products characterization is essential to reveal process mechanism and potential application. In this study, the effects of temperature (225-300 degrees C) and retention time (20-60 min) on EFB torrefaction were investigated in a fixed bed reactor. While an increased temperature and retention time had led to a lower energy and mass of solid yields, the liquid and gaseous yields showed otherwise. The oppositely reduced O (37%) and increased C (45%) contents of torrefied EFB with increasing temperature, and the resulting decrease in O/C ratio, and H and O contents, had greatly improved the CV of the torrefied solid up to 46% compared to its raw form. In addition, the chlorine content was significantly reduced (21-54%) after torrefaction. Both the raw and torrefied solid EFB showed a strong thermal degradation of hemicellulose with lower decomposition rate of the latter due to mass depletion during torrefaction. Oxygen removal from EFB during torrefaction migrated to the liquid and gaseous products, most dominant as water and CO2, followed by CO and oxygen-containing organic compounds. The liquid product consisted of condensable components; water (main) and functionalised compounds, among which were acids (as relatively higher concentration), furans, ketones, alcohols and phenols. The gaseous product was dominated by CO2 and CO in all torrefaction conditions. The findings contribute partly as biomass resource database for future bioenergy upscaling and deployment. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
format	Article
author	Sukiran, Mohamad Azri Daud, Wan Mohd Ashri Wan Abnisa, Faisal Nasrin, Abu Bakar Aziz, Astimar Abdul Loh, Soh Kheang
author_facet	Sukiran, Mohamad Azri Daud, Wan Mohd Ashri Wan Abnisa, Faisal Nasrin, Abu Bakar Aziz, Astimar Abdul Loh, Soh Kheang
author_sort	Sukiran, Mohamad Azri
title	A comprehensive study on torrefaction of empty fruit bunches: Characterization of solid, liquid and gas products
title_short	A comprehensive study on torrefaction of empty fruit bunches: Characterization of solid, liquid and gas products
title_full	A comprehensive study on torrefaction of empty fruit bunches: Characterization of solid, liquid and gas products
title_fullStr	A comprehensive study on torrefaction of empty fruit bunches: Characterization of solid, liquid and gas products
title_full_unstemmed	A comprehensive study on torrefaction of empty fruit bunches: Characterization of solid, liquid and gas products
title_sort	comprehensive study on torrefaction of empty fruit bunches: characterization of solid, liquid and gas products
publisher	Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd
publishDate	2021
url	http://eprints.um.edu.my/28188/
_version_	1739828445948411904
score	13.211869

A comprehensive study on torrefaction of empty fruit bunches: Characterization of solid, liquid and gas products

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