Staff View: The Association of Breakfast Frequency and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Factors among Adolescents in Malaysia

The Association of Breakfast Frequency and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Factors among Adolescents in Malaysia

Breakfast frequency is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in Western populations, possibly via the types of food eaten or the timing of food consumption, but associations in Malaysian adolescents are unknown. While the timing of breakfast is similar, the type of food consumed at break...

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Main Authors:	Mustafa, Norashikin, Majid, Hazreen Abdul, Toumpakari, Zoi, Carroll, Harriet Amy, Jalaludin, Muhammad Yazid, Al Sadat, Nabilla, Johnson, Laura
Format:	Article
Published:	MDPI 2019
Subjects:	R Medicine
Online Access:	http://eprints.um.edu.my/23921/ https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11050973
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spelling	my.um.eprints.239212020-03-02T08:28:53Z http://eprints.um.edu.my/23921/ The Association of Breakfast Frequency and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Factors among Adolescents in Malaysia Mustafa, Norashikin Majid, Hazreen Abdul Toumpakari, Zoi Carroll, Harriet Amy Jalaludin, Muhammad Yazid Al Sadat, Nabilla Johnson, Laura R Medicine Breakfast frequency is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in Western populations, possibly via the types of food eaten or the timing of food consumption, but associations in Malaysian adolescents are unknown. While the timing of breakfast is similar, the type of food consumed at breakfast in Malaysia differs from Western diets, which allows novel insight into the mechanisms underlying breakfast–CVD risk associations. We investigated foods eaten for breakfast and associations between breakfast frequency and CVD risk factors in the Malaysian Health and Adolescents Longitudinal Research Team study (MyHeARTs). Breakfast (frequency of any food/drink reported as breakfast in 7-day diet history interviews) and CVD risk factors (body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and systolic and diastolic blood pressure) were cross-sectionally associated using linear regression adjusting for potential confounders (n = 795, age 13 years). Twelve percent of adolescents never ate breakfast and 50% ate breakfast daily, containing mean (SD) 400 (±127) kilocalories. Commonly consumed breakfast foods were cereal-based dishes (primarily rice), confectionery (primarily sugar), hot/powdered drinks (primarily Milo), and high-fat milk (primarily sweetened condensed milk). After adjustment, each extra day of breakfast consumption per week was associated with a lower BMI (−0.34 kg/m2, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.02, −0.66), and serum total (−0.07 mmol/L 95% CI −0.02, −0.13) and LDL (−0.07 mmol/L 95% CI −0.02, −0.12) cholesterol concentrations. Eating daily breakfast in Malaysia was associated with slightly lower BMI and total and LDL cholesterol concentrations among adolescents. Longitudinal studies and randomized trials could further establish causality. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. MDPI 2019 Article PeerReviewed Mustafa, Norashikin and Majid, Hazreen Abdul and Toumpakari, Zoi and Carroll, Harriet Amy and Jalaludin, Muhammad Yazid and Al Sadat, Nabilla and Johnson, Laura (2019) The Association of Breakfast Frequency and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Factors among Adolescents in Malaysia. Nutrients, 11 (5). p. 973. ISSN 2072-6643 https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11050973 doi:10.3390/nu11050973
institution	Universiti Malaya
building	UM Library
collection	Institutional Repository
continent	Asia
country	Malaysia
content_provider	Universiti Malaya
content_source	UM Research Repository
url_provider	http://eprints.um.edu.my/
topic	R Medicine
spellingShingle	R Medicine Mustafa, Norashikin Majid, Hazreen Abdul Toumpakari, Zoi Carroll, Harriet Amy Jalaludin, Muhammad Yazid Al Sadat, Nabilla Johnson, Laura The Association of Breakfast Frequency and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Factors among Adolescents in Malaysia
description	Breakfast frequency is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in Western populations, possibly via the types of food eaten or the timing of food consumption, but associations in Malaysian adolescents are unknown. While the timing of breakfast is similar, the type of food consumed at breakfast in Malaysia differs from Western diets, which allows novel insight into the mechanisms underlying breakfast–CVD risk associations. We investigated foods eaten for breakfast and associations between breakfast frequency and CVD risk factors in the Malaysian Health and Adolescents Longitudinal Research Team study (MyHeARTs). Breakfast (frequency of any food/drink reported as breakfast in 7-day diet history interviews) and CVD risk factors (body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and systolic and diastolic blood pressure) were cross-sectionally associated using linear regression adjusting for potential confounders (n = 795, age 13 years). Twelve percent of adolescents never ate breakfast and 50% ate breakfast daily, containing mean (SD) 400 (±127) kilocalories. Commonly consumed breakfast foods were cereal-based dishes (primarily rice), confectionery (primarily sugar), hot/powdered drinks (primarily Milo), and high-fat milk (primarily sweetened condensed milk). After adjustment, each extra day of breakfast consumption per week was associated with a lower BMI (−0.34 kg/m2, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.02, −0.66), and serum total (−0.07 mmol/L 95% CI −0.02, −0.13) and LDL (−0.07 mmol/L 95% CI −0.02, −0.12) cholesterol concentrations. Eating daily breakfast in Malaysia was associated with slightly lower BMI and total and LDL cholesterol concentrations among adolescents. Longitudinal studies and randomized trials could further establish causality. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
format	Article
author	Mustafa, Norashikin Majid, Hazreen Abdul Toumpakari, Zoi Carroll, Harriet Amy Jalaludin, Muhammad Yazid Al Sadat, Nabilla Johnson, Laura
author_facet	Mustafa, Norashikin Majid, Hazreen Abdul Toumpakari, Zoi Carroll, Harriet Amy Jalaludin, Muhammad Yazid Al Sadat, Nabilla Johnson, Laura
author_sort	Mustafa, Norashikin
title	The Association of Breakfast Frequency and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Factors among Adolescents in Malaysia
title_short	The Association of Breakfast Frequency and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Factors among Adolescents in Malaysia
title_full	The Association of Breakfast Frequency and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Factors among Adolescents in Malaysia
title_fullStr	The Association of Breakfast Frequency and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Factors among Adolescents in Malaysia
title_full_unstemmed	The Association of Breakfast Frequency and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Factors among Adolescents in Malaysia
title_sort	association of breakfast frequency and cardiovascular disease (cvd) risk factors among adolescents in malaysia
publisher	MDPI
publishDate	2019
url	http://eprints.um.edu.my/23921/ https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11050973
_version_	1662755197890330624
score	13.211869

The Association of Breakfast Frequency and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Factors among Adolescents in Malaysia

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