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Epidemiology of human leptospirosis in Malaysia, 2004–2012

Leptospirosis is an emerging disease, especially in countries with a tropical climate such as Malaysia. A dramatic increase in the number of cases has been reported over the last decade; however, information on the epidemiological trends of this disease is lacking. The objective of this study is to...

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Main Authors:	Benacer, Douadi, Thong, Kwai Lin, Ng, Choung Min, Verasahib, Khebir, Galloway, Renee Lynn, Hartskeerl, Rudy A., Souris, Marc, Mohd Zain, Siti Nursheena
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	Elsevier 2016
Subjects:	Q Science (General) QH Natural history
Online Access:	http://eprints.um.edu.my/18467/1/Epidemiology_of_human_leptospirosis_in_Malaysia%2C_2004%E2%80%932012.pdf http://eprints.um.edu.my/18467/ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.01.031
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spelling	my.um.eprints.184672018-10-12T03:13:02Z http://eprints.um.edu.my/18467/ Epidemiology of human leptospirosis in Malaysia, 2004–2012 Benacer, Douadi Thong, Kwai Lin Ng, Choung Min Verasahib, Khebir Galloway, Renee Lynn Hartskeerl, Rudy A. Souris, Marc Mohd Zain, Siti Nursheena Q Science (General) QH Natural history Leptospirosis is an emerging disease, especially in countries with a tropical climate such as Malaysia. A dramatic increase in the number of cases has been reported over the last decade; however, information on the epidemiological trends of this disease is lacking. The objective of this study is to provide an epidemiological description of human leptospirosis cases over a 9-year period (2004–2012) and disease relationship with meteorological, geographical, and demographical information. A retrospective study was undertaken to describe the patterns of human leptospirosis cases and their association with intrinsic (sex, age, and ethnicity) and extrinsic (location, rainfall, and temperature) factors. Data was grouped according to age, sex, ethnicity, seasonality and geographical distribution, and analyzed using statistical tools to understand the influence of all the different factors on disease incidence. A total of 12,325 cases of leptospirosis were reported between 2004 and 2012 with an upward trend in disease incidence, with the highest in 2012. Three hundred thirty-eight deaths were reported with an overall case fatality rate of 2.74%, with higher incidence in males (9696; 78.7%) compared with female patients (2629; 21.3%), and overall male to female ratio of 3.69:1. Patients aged cohorts between 30–39 years old (16.22 per 100,000 population) had the highest disease incidence while the lowest incidence occurred between <1 to 9 years old (3.44 per 100,000 population). The average incidence was highest amongst Malays (10.97 per 100,000 population), followed by Indians (7.95 per 100,000 population). Stratification according to geographical distribution showed that the state of Malacca had the highest average disease incidence (11.12 per 100,000 population) followed by Pahang (10.08 per 100,000 population). The states of Terengganu, Kelantan, and Perak recorded similar rates of incidence (≈8.00 per 100,000 population), while Johor with the least number of reported cases (1.80 per 100,000 population). Positive relationships were recorded between the number of reported cases with the number of raining days per month and monthly average temperature (p-value < 0.05). However, no significant association was noted between rainfall volume and number of reported Leptospirosis cases. This collaborative efforts between medical, academic and governmental institutions has enabled the construction of this comprehensive database that is essential to understand the disease trends in Malaysia and add insights into the prevention and control of this disease. Elsevier 2016-02-01 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en http://eprints.um.edu.my/18467/1/Epidemiology_of_human_leptospirosis_in_Malaysia%2C_2004%E2%80%932012.pdf Benacer, Douadi and Thong, Kwai Lin and Ng, Choung Min and Verasahib, Khebir and Galloway, Renee Lynn and Hartskeerl, Rudy A. and Souris, Marc and Mohd Zain, Siti Nursheena (2016) Epidemiology of human leptospirosis in Malaysia, 2004–2012. Acta Tropica, 157. pp. 162-168. ISSN 0001-706X https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.01.031 doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.01.031
institution	Universiti Malaya
building	UM Library
collection	Institutional Repository
continent	Asia
country	Malaysia
content_provider	Universiti Malaya
content_source	UM Research Repository
url_provider	http://eprints.um.edu.my/
language	English
topic	Q Science (General) QH Natural history
spellingShingle	Q Science (General) QH Natural history Benacer, Douadi Thong, Kwai Lin Ng, Choung Min Verasahib, Khebir Galloway, Renee Lynn Hartskeerl, Rudy A. Souris, Marc Mohd Zain, Siti Nursheena Epidemiology of human leptospirosis in Malaysia, 2004–2012
description	Leptospirosis is an emerging disease, especially in countries with a tropical climate such as Malaysia. A dramatic increase in the number of cases has been reported over the last decade; however, information on the epidemiological trends of this disease is lacking. The objective of this study is to provide an epidemiological description of human leptospirosis cases over a 9-year period (2004–2012) and disease relationship with meteorological, geographical, and demographical information. A retrospective study was undertaken to describe the patterns of human leptospirosis cases and their association with intrinsic (sex, age, and ethnicity) and extrinsic (location, rainfall, and temperature) factors. Data was grouped according to age, sex, ethnicity, seasonality and geographical distribution, and analyzed using statistical tools to understand the influence of all the different factors on disease incidence. A total of 12,325 cases of leptospirosis were reported between 2004 and 2012 with an upward trend in disease incidence, with the highest in 2012. Three hundred thirty-eight deaths were reported with an overall case fatality rate of 2.74%, with higher incidence in males (9696; 78.7%) compared with female patients (2629; 21.3%), and overall male to female ratio of 3.69:1. Patients aged cohorts between 30–39 years old (16.22 per 100,000 population) had the highest disease incidence while the lowest incidence occurred between <1 to 9 years old (3.44 per 100,000 population). The average incidence was highest amongst Malays (10.97 per 100,000 population), followed by Indians (7.95 per 100,000 population). Stratification according to geographical distribution showed that the state of Malacca had the highest average disease incidence (11.12 per 100,000 population) followed by Pahang (10.08 per 100,000 population). The states of Terengganu, Kelantan, and Perak recorded similar rates of incidence (≈8.00 per 100,000 population), while Johor with the least number of reported cases (1.80 per 100,000 population). Positive relationships were recorded between the number of reported cases with the number of raining days per month and monthly average temperature (p-value < 0.05). However, no significant association was noted between rainfall volume and number of reported Leptospirosis cases. This collaborative efforts between medical, academic and governmental institutions has enabled the construction of this comprehensive database that is essential to understand the disease trends in Malaysia and add insights into the prevention and control of this disease.
format	Article
author	Benacer, Douadi Thong, Kwai Lin Ng, Choung Min Verasahib, Khebir Galloway, Renee Lynn Hartskeerl, Rudy A. Souris, Marc Mohd Zain, Siti Nursheena
author_facet	Benacer, Douadi Thong, Kwai Lin Ng, Choung Min Verasahib, Khebir Galloway, Renee Lynn Hartskeerl, Rudy A. Souris, Marc Mohd Zain, Siti Nursheena
author_sort	Benacer, Douadi
title	Epidemiology of human leptospirosis in Malaysia, 2004–2012
title_short	Epidemiology of human leptospirosis in Malaysia, 2004–2012
title_full	Epidemiology of human leptospirosis in Malaysia, 2004–2012
title_fullStr	Epidemiology of human leptospirosis in Malaysia, 2004–2012
title_full_unstemmed	Epidemiology of human leptospirosis in Malaysia, 2004–2012
title_sort	epidemiology of human leptospirosis in malaysia, 2004–2012
publisher	Elsevier
publishDate	2016
url	http://eprints.um.edu.my/18467/1/Epidemiology_of_human_leptospirosis_in_Malaysia%2C_2004%E2%80%932012.pdf http://eprints.um.edu.my/18467/ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.01.031
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score	13.211869

Epidemiology of human leptospirosis in Malaysia, 2004–2012

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