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Hydroxychloroquine Toxicity in the Vital Organs of the Body: In Vivo Study

Background: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) toxicity can adversely affect vital organs, cause pathologic ocular damage, and can have direct cardiovascular effects. This study aims to identify the biochemical, hematological, and histological alterations of the vital organs associated with the effects of HCQ...

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Main Authors: Alruwaili, Meshref, Jarrar, Bashir, Jarrar, Qais, Alruwaili, Majed, Goh, Khang Wen, Moshawih, Said, Ardianto, Chrismawan, Long, Chiau Ming *
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: IMR Press 2023
Subjects:
QM Human anatomy
RC Internal medicine
Online Access:http://eprints.sunway.edu.my/2836/1/Long%20Chiau%20Ming_Hydroxychloroquine%20toxicity%20in%20the%20vital%20organs%20of%20the%20body.pdf
http://eprints.sunway.edu.my/2836/
https://doi.org/10.31083/j.fbl2807137
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spelling my.sunway.eprints.28362024-07-22T08:07:02Z http://eprints.sunway.edu.my/2836/ Hydroxychloroquine Toxicity in the Vital Organs of the Body: In Vivo Study Alruwaili, Meshref Jarrar, Bashir Jarrar, Qais Alruwaili, Majed Goh, Khang Wen Moshawih, Said Ardianto, Chrismawan Long, Chiau Ming * QM Human anatomy RC Internal medicine Background: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) toxicity can adversely affect vital organs, cause pathologic ocular damage, and can have direct cardiovascular effects. This study aims to identify the biochemical, hematological, and histological alterations of the vital organs associated with the effects of HCQ. Methods: Male albino rats were exposed to the equivalent of HCQ therapeutic doses given to human patients being affected by malaria, lupus erythematosus, and COVID-19. The animal blood samples were subjected to hematological analysis, biochemical analysis, liver function tests, kidney function tests, and cardiac biomarkers. Liver, kidney, heart, spleen, and testis biopsies were subjected to histological examination. Results: HCQ significantly lowered the values of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, leucocytes, and lymphocytes but significantly increased the values of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), amylase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, cholesterol, and chlorine ions. The renal tissues of HCQ-treated animals demonstrated glomerular fragmentation, partial atrophy degeneration, renal tubules hydropic degeneration, hyaline cast formation, and interstitial edema formation. Additionally, the heart exhibited myofiber necrosis, myolysis, wavy appearance, disorganization, and disarray. The testicular tissues also demonstrated spermatocyte degeneration, spermatogenic cell sloughing, testicular interstitial edema, and occasional spermatogenic arrest. Additionally, the spleen showed a decrease in the number and size of the white pulp follicles, a decrease in the number of apoptotic activity, and a decline in the number of T-rich cells. However, the red pulp demonstrated a diffuse decline in B rich-lymphocytes and macrophages. The liver was also the least affected but showed Kupffer cell hyperplasia and occasional hepatocyte dysplasia. Conclusions: The results indicate that chronic exposure to HCQ could alter the structures and functions of the vital organs. IMR Press 2023 Article PeerReviewed text en cc_by_4 http://eprints.sunway.edu.my/2836/1/Long%20Chiau%20Ming_Hydroxychloroquine%20toxicity%20in%20the%20vital%20organs%20of%20the%20body.pdf Alruwaili, Meshref and Jarrar, Bashir and Jarrar, Qais and Alruwaili, Majed and Goh, Khang Wen and Moshawih, Said and Ardianto, Chrismawan and Long, Chiau Ming * (2023) Hydroxychloroquine Toxicity in the Vital Organs of the Body: In Vivo Study. Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark, 28 (7). ISSN 2768-6698 https://doi.org/10.31083/j.fbl2807137 10.31083/j.fbl2807137
institution Sunway University
building Sunway Campus Library
collection Institutional Repository
continent Asia
country Malaysia
content_provider Sunway University
content_source Sunway Institutional Repository
url_provider http://eprints.sunway.edu.my/
language English
topic QM Human anatomy
RC Internal medicine
spellingShingle QM Human anatomy
RC Internal medicine
Alruwaili, Meshref
Jarrar, Bashir
Jarrar, Qais
Alruwaili, Majed
Goh, Khang Wen
Moshawih, Said
Ardianto, Chrismawan
Long, Chiau Ming *
Hydroxychloroquine Toxicity in the Vital Organs of the Body: In Vivo Study
description Background: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) toxicity can adversely affect vital organs, cause pathologic ocular damage, and can have direct cardiovascular effects. This study aims to identify the biochemical, hematological, and histological alterations of the vital organs associated with the effects of HCQ. Methods: Male albino rats were exposed to the equivalent of HCQ therapeutic doses given to human patients being affected by malaria, lupus erythematosus, and COVID-19. The animal blood samples were subjected to hematological analysis, biochemical analysis, liver function tests, kidney function tests, and cardiac biomarkers. Liver, kidney, heart, spleen, and testis biopsies were subjected to histological examination. Results: HCQ significantly lowered the values of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, leucocytes, and lymphocytes but significantly increased the values of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), amylase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, cholesterol, and chlorine ions. The renal tissues of HCQ-treated animals demonstrated glomerular fragmentation, partial atrophy degeneration, renal tubules hydropic degeneration, hyaline cast formation, and interstitial edema formation. Additionally, the heart exhibited myofiber necrosis, myolysis, wavy appearance, disorganization, and disarray. The testicular tissues also demonstrated spermatocyte degeneration, spermatogenic cell sloughing, testicular interstitial edema, and occasional spermatogenic arrest. Additionally, the spleen showed a decrease in the number and size of the white pulp follicles, a decrease in the number of apoptotic activity, and a decline in the number of T-rich cells. However, the red pulp demonstrated a diffuse decline in B rich-lymphocytes and macrophages. The liver was also the least affected but showed Kupffer cell hyperplasia and occasional hepatocyte dysplasia. Conclusions: The results indicate that chronic exposure to HCQ could alter the structures and functions of the vital organs.
format Article
author Alruwaili, Meshref
Jarrar, Bashir
Jarrar, Qais
Alruwaili, Majed
Goh, Khang Wen
Moshawih, Said
Ardianto, Chrismawan
Long, Chiau Ming *
author_facet Alruwaili, Meshref
Jarrar, Bashir
Jarrar, Qais
Alruwaili, Majed
Goh, Khang Wen
Moshawih, Said
Ardianto, Chrismawan
Long, Chiau Ming *
author_sort Alruwaili, Meshref
title Hydroxychloroquine Toxicity in the Vital Organs of the Body: In Vivo Study
title_short Hydroxychloroquine Toxicity in the Vital Organs of the Body: In Vivo Study
title_full Hydroxychloroquine Toxicity in the Vital Organs of the Body: In Vivo Study
title_fullStr Hydroxychloroquine Toxicity in the Vital Organs of the Body: In Vivo Study
title_full_unstemmed Hydroxychloroquine Toxicity in the Vital Organs of the Body: In Vivo Study
title_sort hydroxychloroquine toxicity in the vital organs of the body: in vivo study
publisher IMR Press
publishDate 2023
url http://eprints.sunway.edu.my/2836/1/Long%20Chiau%20Ming_Hydroxychloroquine%20toxicity%20in%20the%20vital%20organs%20of%20the%20body.pdf
http://eprints.sunway.edu.my/2836/
https://doi.org/10.31083/j.fbl2807137
_version_ 1805893820626239488
score 13.211869

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