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Portable electrochemical biosensors based on microcontrollers for detection of viruses: a review

With the rise of zoonotic diseases in recent years, there is an urgent need for improved and more accessible screening and diagnostic methods to mitigate future outbreaks. The recent COVID-19 pandemic revealed an over-reliance on RT-PCR, a slow, costly and lab-based method for diagnostics. To bette...

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Main Authors:	Abdul Ghani, Muhammad Afiq, Nordin, Anis Nurashikin, Zulhairee, Munirah, Che Mohamad Nor, Adibah, Ahmad Noorden, Mohd Shihabuddin, Muhamad Atan, Muhammad Khairul Faisal, Ab Rahim, Rosminazuin, Mohd Zain, Zainiharyati
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	MDPI 2022
Subjects:	T Technology (General)
Online Access:	http://irep.iium.edu.my/99764/1/99764_Portable%20electrochemical%20biosensors.pdf http://irep.iium.edu.my/99764/ https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/12/8/666
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spelling	my.iium.irep.997642022-08-31T02:08:59Z http://irep.iium.edu.my/99764/ Portable electrochemical biosensors based on microcontrollers for detection of viruses: a review Abdul Ghani, Muhammad Afiq Nordin, Anis Nurashikin Zulhairee, Munirah Che Mohamad Nor, Adibah Ahmad Noorden, Mohd Shihabuddin Muhamad Atan, Muhammad Khairul Faisal Ab Rahim, Rosminazuin Mohd Zain, Zainiharyati T Technology (General) With the rise of zoonotic diseases in recent years, there is an urgent need for improved and more accessible screening and diagnostic methods to mitigate future outbreaks. The recent COVID-19 pandemic revealed an over-reliance on RT-PCR, a slow, costly and lab-based method for diagnostics. To better manage the pandemic, a high-throughput, rapid point-of-care device is needed for early detection and isolation of patients. Electrochemical biosensors offer a promising solution, as they can be used to perform on-site tests without the need for centralized labs, producing high throughput and accurate measurements compared to rapid test kits. In this work, we detail important considerations for the use of electrochemical biosensors for the detection of respiratory viruses. Methods of enhancing signal outputs via amplification of the analyte, biorecognition of elements and modification of the transducer are also explained. The use of portable potentiostats and microfluidics chambers that create a miniature lab are also discussed in detail as an alternative to centralized laboratory settings. The state-of-the-art usage of portable potentiostats for detection of viruses is also elaborated and categorized according to detection technique: amperometry, voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. In terms of integration with microfluidics, RT-LAMP is identified as the preferred method for DNA amplification virus detection. RT-LAMP methods have shorter turnaround times compared to RT-PCR and do not require thermal cycling. Current applications of RT-LAMP for virus detection are also elaborated upon. MDPI 2022-08-22 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en http://irep.iium.edu.my/99764/1/99764_Portable%20electrochemical%20biosensors.pdf Abdul Ghani, Muhammad Afiq and Nordin, Anis Nurashikin and Zulhairee, Munirah and Che Mohamad Nor, Adibah and Ahmad Noorden, Mohd Shihabuddin and Muhamad Atan, Muhammad Khairul Faisal and Ab Rahim, Rosminazuin and Mohd Zain, Zainiharyati (2022) Portable electrochemical biosensors based on microcontrollers for detection of viruses: a review. Biosensors, 12 (8). E-ISSN 2079-6374 https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/12/8/666 10.3390/bios12080666
institution	Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Malaysia
building	IIUM Library
collection	Institutional Repository
continent	Asia
country	Malaysia
content_provider	International Islamic University Malaysia
content_source	IIUM Repository (IREP)
url_provider	http://irep.iium.edu.my/
language	English
topic	T Technology (General)
spellingShingle	T Technology (General) Abdul Ghani, Muhammad Afiq Nordin, Anis Nurashikin Zulhairee, Munirah Che Mohamad Nor, Adibah Ahmad Noorden, Mohd Shihabuddin Muhamad Atan, Muhammad Khairul Faisal Ab Rahim, Rosminazuin Mohd Zain, Zainiharyati Portable electrochemical biosensors based on microcontrollers for detection of viruses: a review
description	With the rise of zoonotic diseases in recent years, there is an urgent need for improved and more accessible screening and diagnostic methods to mitigate future outbreaks. The recent COVID-19 pandemic revealed an over-reliance on RT-PCR, a slow, costly and lab-based method for diagnostics. To better manage the pandemic, a high-throughput, rapid point-of-care device is needed for early detection and isolation of patients. Electrochemical biosensors offer a promising solution, as they can be used to perform on-site tests without the need for centralized labs, producing high throughput and accurate measurements compared to rapid test kits. In this work, we detail important considerations for the use of electrochemical biosensors for the detection of respiratory viruses. Methods of enhancing signal outputs via amplification of the analyte, biorecognition of elements and modification of the transducer are also explained. The use of portable potentiostats and microfluidics chambers that create a miniature lab are also discussed in detail as an alternative to centralized laboratory settings. The state-of-the-art usage of portable potentiostats for detection of viruses is also elaborated and categorized according to detection technique: amperometry, voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. In terms of integration with microfluidics, RT-LAMP is identified as the preferred method for DNA amplification virus detection. RT-LAMP methods have shorter turnaround times compared to RT-PCR and do not require thermal cycling. Current applications of RT-LAMP for virus detection are also elaborated upon.
format	Article
author	Abdul Ghani, Muhammad Afiq Nordin, Anis Nurashikin Zulhairee, Munirah Che Mohamad Nor, Adibah Ahmad Noorden, Mohd Shihabuddin Muhamad Atan, Muhammad Khairul Faisal Ab Rahim, Rosminazuin Mohd Zain, Zainiharyati
author_facet	Abdul Ghani, Muhammad Afiq Nordin, Anis Nurashikin Zulhairee, Munirah Che Mohamad Nor, Adibah Ahmad Noorden, Mohd Shihabuddin Muhamad Atan, Muhammad Khairul Faisal Ab Rahim, Rosminazuin Mohd Zain, Zainiharyati
author_sort	Abdul Ghani, Muhammad Afiq
title	Portable electrochemical biosensors based on microcontrollers for detection of viruses: a review
title_short	Portable electrochemical biosensors based on microcontrollers for detection of viruses: a review
title_full	Portable electrochemical biosensors based on microcontrollers for detection of viruses: a review
title_fullStr	Portable electrochemical biosensors based on microcontrollers for detection of viruses: a review
title_full_unstemmed	Portable electrochemical biosensors based on microcontrollers for detection of viruses: a review
title_sort	portable electrochemical biosensors based on microcontrollers for detection of viruses: a review
publisher	MDPI
publishDate	2022
url	http://irep.iium.edu.my/99764/1/99764_Portable%20electrochemical%20biosensors.pdf http://irep.iium.edu.my/99764/ https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/12/8/666
_version_	1743106850120794112
score	13.211869

Portable electrochemical biosensors based on microcontrollers for detection of viruses: a review

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